{"id":1276,"date":"2009-09-13T23:15:00","date_gmt":"2009-09-13T22:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/?p=1276"},"modified":"2016-02-01T17:22:17","modified_gmt":"2016-02-01T16:22:17","slug":"selhani-rizene-multietnicke-spolecnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/?p=1276","title":{"rendered":"Selh\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 multietnick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ari Rusila<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Propagov\u00e1n\u00ed kultury sou\u017eit\u00ed, multietnick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, nebo alespo\u0148 etnick\u00e9 tolerance nen\u00ed snadn\u00fdm \u00fakolem. Dokonce ani v Evrop\u011b, ba ani s pomoc\u00ed miliardov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f, \u010di s \u201enejlep\u0161\u00edmi\u201c z\u00e1padn\u00edmi zku\u0161enostmi. To je vid\u011bt zejm\u00e9na na Balk\u00e1n\u011b kde maj\u00ed oblasti \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed \u201eodbornost\u00ed\u201c zdaleka nejhor\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledek, zat\u00edmco oblasti bez t\u011bchto vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch nebub\u0159el\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f funguj\u00ed relativn\u011b l\u00e9pe.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edklady \u201enejhor\u0161\u00ed praxe\u201c jsou Bosna \u2013 Hercegovina a Kosovo, kde mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed uskute\u010dnilo b\u011bhem deseti let ohromn\u00e9 mise. Oba p\u0159\u00edpady m\u011bly skromn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj ob\u010dansk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, ale ve skute\u010dnosti jde v\u00fdvoj n\u011bjak\u00fdch opravdov\u00fdch multietnick\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f opa\u010dn\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n

Bosna a Hercegovina<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bosna a Hercegovina je mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm v\u00fdtvorem zalo\u017een\u00fdm Daytonskou dohodou z roku 1995, kter\u00e1 Bosnu rozd\u011blila na dva polonez\u00e1visl\u00e9 celky\/entity \u2013 Republiku srbskou a Federaci Bosny a Hercegoviny (muslimsko-chorvatskou federaci). T\u0159i etnick\u00e9 skupiny \u2013 Chorvati, Srbov\u00e9 a Bos\u0148\u00e1ci \u2013 se pokou\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00eddit st\u00e1t spole\u010dn\u011b a odd\u011blen\u011b. Entity jsou spojeny slab\u00fdmi centr\u00e1ln\u00edmi institucemi, zat\u00edmco vl\u00e1da je t\u011b\u017ece napln\u011bn\u00e1 170 ministry a cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m je po\u0159\u00e1d pod kontrolou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco d\u0159\u00edve byl spor mezi Srby a Bos\u0148\u00e1ky, minul\u00fd rok uk\u00e1zal v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd rozpor mezi Bos\u0148\u00e1ky a Chorvaty a etnick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly se prohlubuj\u00ed. To v\u0161e pr\u00e1v\u011b v dob\u011b, kdy je Bosna a Hercegovina ve st\u00e1diu p\u0159echodu od mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho protektor\u00e1tu ke st\u00e1tu, odpov\u011bdn\u00e9mu za svou vlastn\u00ed reformn\u00ed dynamiku. M\u00edsto toho, aby rozv\u00edjela svou \u201eevropskou perspektivu\u201c, sm\u011b\u0159uje Bosna a Hercegovina zp\u011bt, a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed, dysfunk\u010dn\u00ed a rozd\u011blenou zem\u00ed, s v\u011bt\u0161inou dot\u010den\u00fdch Bos\u0148\u00e1k\u016f (Muslim\u016f), fustrovanou a st\u00e1le v\u00edce defenzivn\u00ed srbskou entitou, a \u00fazkostlivou, existen\u010dn\u011b ohro\u017eenou chorvatskou populac\u00ed. (V\u00edce o Daytonu a situaci v BiH nap\u0159. v m\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku Bosnia Collapsing<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Kosovo<\/strong><\/p>\n

V Kosovu je multietnick\u00e1 idea navzdory miliard\u00e1m EU v nedohlednu. Po bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed se vr\u00e1tili t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni alb\u00e1n\u0161t\u00ed uprchl\u00edci, zat\u00edmco jen zlomek uprchl\u00edk\u016f srbsk\u00fdch \u2013 neboli vnit\u0159n\u011b p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch osob \u2013 se vr\u00e1tilo do Kosova. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed Srbov\u00e9 v Kosovu jsou zabarik\u00e1dov\u00e1n\u00ed v enkl\u00e1v\u00e1ch, p\u0159e\u017eivaj\u00edc\u00ed jen pomoc\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch jednotek KFOR, nebo ve fakticky odd\u011blen\u00e9 oblasti srbsk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny na severu Kosova. Tohle zm\u011bnilo b\u00fdvalou multietnickou provincii na monoetnickou.<\/p>\n

Romov\u00e9, etnicky vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kosovsko-alb\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi separatisty, bydl\u00ed v t\u00e1bo\u0159e za ostnat\u00fdm dr\u00e1tem v \u010cern\u00e9 Ho\u0159e. S \u017e\u00e1dnou mo\u017enost\u00ed n\u00e1vratu uprost\u0159ed alb\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti Romov\u00e9 odsuzuj\u00ed \u201ep\u00e1chnouc\u00ed odpadovou skl\u00e1dku pro kosovsk\u00e9 zapomenut\u00e9 uprchl\u00edky.\u201c<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va \u2013 vyhotoven\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed organizac\u00ed Minority Rights Group International (MRG) odhaluje skute\u010dn\u00fd obraz zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se situace pr\u00e1v men\u0161in v dne\u0161n\u00edm Kosovu. M\u00edsto n\u00e1vratu do sv\u00fdch domov\u016f po etnick\u00e9 \u010distce uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00e9 kosovsk\u00fdmi Alb\u00e1nci po z\u00e1sahu NATO a znovu v roce 2004 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed men\u0161iny opou\u0161t\u011bt Kosovo, proto\u017ee \u010del\u00ed vylou\u010den\u00ed a diskriminaci.<\/p>\n

Po t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 deseti letech mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy \u2013 nejdel\u0161\u00ed a nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed od vzniku OSN \u2013 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Kosovo jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00edce odd\u011blen\u00fdch m\u00edst v Evrop\u011b, s tis\u00edci p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch osob st\u00e1le v t\u00e1borech, a mnoha \u201eetnicky vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi\u201c m\u011bsty a vesnicemi. Obrovsk\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho veden\u00ed v Kosovu za posledn\u00edch osm let bylo v tom, \u017ee nam\u00edsto odstran\u011bn\u00ed segregace se tato je\u0161t\u011b zhor\u0161ila. Kosovo se stalo st\u00e1le v\u00edce rozd\u011bleno na alb\u00e1nsk\u00e9 a na srbsk\u00e9 oblasti, se v\u0161emi dal\u0161\u00edmi skupinami \u2013 Bos\u0148\u00e1ky, Chorvaty, Gorany, Romy, Egyp\u0165any a Turky \u2013 kter\u00e9 jsou na okraji.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z nejtragi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f je situace romsk\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v kosovsk\u00e9 severn\u00ed Mitrovici. Dosud je 81 mrv\u00fdch po deseti letech utrpen\u00ed v t\u00e1borech OSN pro vnit\u0159n\u011b p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 osoby, m\u00edst\u011b, kter\u00e9 je popisov\u00e1no jako nejjedovat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsto v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy. Jejich p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed jin\u00fd pohled na \u201ehumanit\u00e1rn\u00ed intervenci\u201c uskute\u010dn\u011bnou NATO a n\u00e1slednou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu. M\u016fj \u010dl\u00e1nek UN death Camps, EU money, local neglience<\/a> hodn\u011b prozrazuje o tomto p\u0159\u00edpadu, kter\u00fd by se nem\u011bl st\u00e1t \u2013 ne b\u011bhem, ani po \u201ehumanit\u00e1rn\u00edm z\u00e1sahu\u201c ne b\u011bhem pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho budov\u00e1n\u00ed a po miliard\u00e1ch od da\u0148ov\u00fdch poplatn\u00edk\u016f z EU dan\u00fdch na v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 projekty, ne v Evrop\u011b 200km od hranic EU, ne v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm protektor\u00e1tu s \u201eevropskou perspetivou\u201c ani kdekoliv jinde.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pokud je pl\u00e1n rozvoje d\u011bl\u00e1n na pracovn\u00edm stole ve Washingtonu nebo Bruselu s n\u011bjakou spoluprac\u00ed se st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed vl\u00e1dou, existuje v\u017edycky riziko v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho, \u010di men\u0161\u00edho rozd\u00edlu mezi pot\u0159ebami p\u0159\u00edjemce a centralizovan\u00fdmi z\u00e1m\u011bry. N\u011bkter\u00e1 z t\u011bchto selh\u00e1n\u00ed jsem d\u0159\u00edve popsal v m\u00fdch pracech World Bank destroyed Albanian village in joint operation with corrupted Government<\/a> a Squandering Kosovos Aid Funds<\/a>. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm prvkem je zapojen\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch, bez n\u011bho\u017e mohou b\u00fdt v\u00fdsledky podobn\u00e9 jako v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, kter\u00fd sm\u011b\u0159uje opa\u010dn\u00fdm sm\u011brem ne\u017e bylo zam\u00fd\u0161leno.<\/p>\n

Opa\u010dn\u00fd postup nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Srbsko bylo schopn\u00e9 zvl\u00e1dnout etnick\u00fd konflikt v Pre\u0161evsk\u00e9m \u00fadol\u00ed docela dob\u0159e bez zahrani\u010dn\u00ed \u201epomoci\u201c . Tak\u00e9 v\u016fdci t\u0159ech nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f v Bosn\u011b a Hercegovin\u011b \u2013 Srb\u016f, Chorvat\u016f a bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f \u2013 se setkali na konci roku 2008, po alarmuj\u00edc\u00edch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch EU s c\u00edlem dos\u00e1hnout dohody v n\u011bkolika velmi sporn\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech, rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edch pro \u010dlenstv\u00ed zem\u011b v EU, stejn\u011b jako ukon\u010den\u00ed \u00da\u0159adu vysok\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce (ten je de facto protektorem Bosny, pozn. Mess). B\u011bhem dvou hodin dos\u00e1hli shody v procesu budouc\u00edch zm\u011bn \u00fastavy a v \u0159ad\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek, souvisej\u00edc\u00edch se s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm lidu v roce 2011, jako nap\u0159. stav okresu Brcko a st\u00e1tn\u00edho majetku. Prohlubuj\u00edc\u00ed rozhovory pokra\u010dovaly dohodou posiluj\u00edc\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00ed prvky a oslabuj\u00edc\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc.<\/p>\n

Kone\u010dn\u00fd sou\u010det<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee Balk\u00e1n je h\u0159bitovem ciz\u00edch ambic\u00ed. To by mohlo b\u00fdt pou\u010dnou lekc\u00ed jak pro USA tak pro EU. Na z\u00e1padn\u00edm Balk\u00e1n\u011b mohla b\u00fdt realizov\u00e1na n\u011bjak\u00e1 v\u00edce udr\u017eiteln\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou ot\u00e1zkou je podle m\u011b ta, zda z\u00e1padn\u00ed Balk\u00e1n skute\u010dn\u011b pot\u0159ebuje rady z vn\u011bj\u0161ku, nebo ne. Jinou mo\u017enost\u00ed je, \u017ee m\u00edsto \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed balk\u00e1nsk\u00e9 politiky EU a USA, by toto mohlo p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161et oblastn\u00edm iniciativ\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Mnoho investor\u016f v Bosn\u011b a Hercegovin\u011b i Kosovu vid\u00ed implementovan\u00e1 pravidla jako nelegitimn\u00ed a p\u0159edepsan\u00e1 zahrani\u010d\u00edm \u2013 a maj\u00ed pravdu. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b vnucen\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nejsou udr\u017eiteln\u00e1. K dosa\u017een\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9ho pokroku mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dohody mezi etniky uskute\u010dn\u011bny na m\u00edstn\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n

P\u0159eklad Messin, 13.9.2009
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Zdroj: <\/em>http:\/\/serbianna.com\/analysis\/?p=162<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ari Rusila Propagov\u00e1n\u00ed kultury sou\u017eit\u00ed, multietnick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, nebo alespo\u0148 etnick\u00e9 tolerance nen\u00ed snadn\u00fdm \u00fakolem. Dokonce ani v Evrop\u011b, ba ani s pomoc\u00ed miliardov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f, \u010di s \u201enejlep\u0161\u00edmi\u201c z\u00e1padn\u00edmi zku\u0161enostmi. To je vid\u011bt zejm\u00e9na na Balk\u00e1n\u011b…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1276"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1277,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions\/1277"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}