L\u017ei za v\u00e1lky a v m\u00edru“ (Mlad\u00e1 fronta, Original: L\u00fcgen in Krieg und Friend, p\u0159eklad Ivan Binar), tak se jmenuje kniha Viktora Farkase, n\u011bmecky p\u00ed\u0161\u00edc\u00edho autora, o historii medi\u00e1ln\u00edch manipulac\u00ed. Farkas ukazuje, jak l\u017ei pou\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159i tvorb\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a systematick\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00e1visti nen\u00ed ji\u017e ani tak dom\u00e9nou dikt\u00e1torsk\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f, n\u00fdbr\u017e st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji tzv. demokratick\u00fdch vl\u00e1d.<\/p>\n
Na p\u0159\u00edkladech v\u00e1lek v Jugosl\u00e1vii, Ir\u00e1ku a dal\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech ukazuje, jak m\u00e9dia „na m\u00edru“ vyrobila u obyvatelstva po\u017eadovan\u00e9 emoce.<\/p>\n
Zalistujme knihou. Jedn\u00edm z detailn\u011bji popisovan\u00fdch je p\u0159\u00edpad l\u017ei z dob ir\u00e1ck\u00e9 agrese proti Kuvajtu. Vrcholem protir\u00e1ck\u00e9 kampan\u011b v USA, podporovan\u00e9\u00a0kruhy bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi prezidentu Bushovi a sa\u00fadskoarabsk\u00fdm magn\u00e1t\u016fm, bylo sly\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ed Kongresem USA. P\u0159i tomto sly\u0161en\u00ed byla sen\u00e1tor\u016fm p\u0159edvedena patn\u00e1ctilet\u00e1 kuvajtsk\u00e1 d\u00edvka, \u00fadajn\u00e1 zdravotn\u00ed sestra z jedn\u00e9 kuvajtsk\u00e9 nemocnice. D\u00edvka se jmenovala Najira a se slzami v o\u010d\u00edch sen\u00e1tor\u016fm popisovala, jak ir\u00e1\u010dt\u00ed voj\u00e1ci po obsazen\u00ed Kuvajtu vyhazovali novoroze\u0148ata z inkub\u00e1tor\u016f, aby inkub\u00e1tory mohli odv\u00e9zt do Ir\u00e1ku. Tuto zpr\u00e1vu odvys\u00edlalo n\u011bkolik set televizn\u00edch stanic a s\u00e1m prezident Bush incident s „inkub\u00e1tory“ zm\u00ednil v n\u011bkolika projevech. Incident se stal jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 ovlivnily ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed v USA ve prosp\u011bch v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n
Skute\u010dnost byla takov\u00e1, \u017ee kuvajt\u0161t\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i a d\u00edvka jm\u00e9nem Najira\u00a0o voj\u00e1c\u00edch vyhazuj\u00edc\u00edch novorozence z inkub\u00e1toru v\u011bdom\u011b lhali. Dokonce i takov\u00e1 renomovan\u00e1 organizace, jako je Amnesty International, musela posl\u00e9ze odvolat sv\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed o 312 zabit\u00fdch novoroze\u0148atech a p\u0159iznat, \u017ee se jednalo o dezinformaci. Po skon\u010den\u00ed v\u00e1lky s\u00e1m vrchn\u00ed velitel spojeneck\u00fdch sil gener\u00e1l Norman Schwarzkopf doznal, \u017ee o p\u0159\u00edpadu \u00famysln\u011b lhal. V lednu roku 1992 byla tak\u00e9 odhalena identita \u00fadajn\u00e9 kuvajtsk\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed sest\u0159i\u010dky Najiry, kter\u00e1 tvrdila, \u017ee v\u0161e vid\u011bla na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di. Byla to dcera kuvajtsk\u00e9ho diplomata, kter\u00e1 v Kuvajtu ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let nebyla. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b akce sv\u016fj \u00fa\u010del splnila a americk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed se postavilo na stranu v\u00e1lky proti Ir\u00e1ku.<\/p>\n
Farkas uv\u00e1d\u00ed tak\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad medi\u00e1ln\u00ed manipulace z Francie. Jde o zneu\u017eit\u00ed techniky naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 „sublim\u00e1ln\u00ed poselstv\u00ed“. Ve volebn\u00edm roce 1988 p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eely miliony Francouz\u016f vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v stanice „Antenne 2“ a z\u00e1rove\u0148, ani\u017e by o tom v\u011bd\u011bli, bylo v \u00favodu do vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed bleskovou rychlost\u00ed nepost\u0159ehnuteln\u011b vlo\u017eeno deset obr\u00e1zk\u016f kandid\u00e1ta Mitterranda. Touto metodou byl prezidentsk\u00fd kandid\u00e1t celkem 2949kr\u00e1t podstr\u010den do podv\u011bdom\u00ed voli\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vlo\u017een\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky nemohli vn\u00edmat v\u011bdom\u011b. Cel\u00e1 v\u011bc praskla, teprve kdy\u017e si jeden novin\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159ehr\u00e1val z\u00e1znamy vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed na vadn\u00e9m videorekord\u00e9ru neoby\u010dejn\u011b pomalou rychlost\u00ed. N\u00e1sledky, jak by se snad mohlo o\u010dek\u00e1vat, nebyly ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9. Stanici „Antenne 2“ se dostalo od tiskov\u00e9 rady pok\u00e1r\u00e1n\u00ed a Mitterrand si podr\u017eel prezidentsk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad.<\/p>\n
Jednou z\u00a0nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed soukol\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00ed manipulace jsou pochopiteln\u011b novin\u00e1\u0159i. P\u0159\u00edkladn\u011b jejich \u010dinnost popsal doyen americk\u00e9ho tisku a b\u00fdval\u00fd vedouc\u00ed redakce New York Times <\/em>John Swinton. Farkas cituje jeho projev, kter\u00fd pronesl p\u0159ed newyorsk\u00fdm tiskov\u00fdm klubem:<\/p>\n „V\u00edte to vy a v\u00edm to j\u00e1. Nen\u00ed mezi n\u00e1mi\u00a0jedin\u00fd, kter\u00fd by se odv\u00e1\u017eil poctiv\u011b napsat sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor, a pokud to ud\u011bl\u00e1, v\u00ed dop\u0159edu, \u017ee se nedostane do tisku. Jsem placen ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fdden za to,\u00a0\u017ee se m\u016fj po\u010destn\u00fd n\u00e1zor nedostane do novin, u nich\u017e jsem zam\u011bstn\u00e1n. Kdybych sv\u016fj po\u010destn\u00fd n\u00e1zor zve\u0159ejnil v n\u011bkter\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch novin, b\u011bhem \u010dty\u0159iadvaceti hodin bych byl bez m\u00edsta. Lh\u00e1t bez obalu, pervertovat, zap\u00edrat, l\u00edbat nohy mamonu a prod\u00e1vat zemi za ka\u017edodenn\u00ed chleba, takov\u00e9 je zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159e. V\u00edte to vy a v\u00edm to j\u00e1, jsme n\u00e1stroji a vazaly bohat\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f za sc\u00e9nou. My jsme pajdul\u00e1ci, oni tahaj\u00ed za prov\u00e1zky a my tancujeme. N\u00e1\u0161 talent, na\u0161e schopnosti a cel\u00fd n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot je majetkem jin\u00fdch lid\u00ed. Jsme intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edmi prostitutkami.“<\/em><\/p>\n Kdo si p\u0159e\u010dte Farkasovu knihu, pochop\u00ed, \u017ee to, co vid\u00edme v televizi nebo \u010dteme v novin\u00e1ch, neb\u00fdv\u00e1 odrazem skute\u010dn\u00e9ho stavu v\u011bc\u00ed. Je to mnohem v\u00edce obraz toho, jak si ur\u010dit\u00e9 vlivn\u00e9 skupiny p\u0159ej\u00ed, abychom dan\u00e9 v\u011bci vid\u011bli.<\/p>\n \u010cl\u00e1kek\u00a0vy\u0161el v \u010dasopise Konec konc\u016f, \u010d.4\/2006. Autorem je Luk\u00e1\u0161 Lho\u0165an. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" L\u017ei za v\u00e1lky a v m\u00edru“ (Mlad\u00e1 fronta, Original: L\u00fcgen in Krieg und Friend, p\u0159eklad Ivan Binar), tak se jmenuje kniha Viktora Farkase, n\u011bmecky p\u00ed\u0161\u00edc\u00edho autora, o historii medi\u00e1ln\u00edch manipulac\u00ed. Farkas ukazuje, jak l\u017ei pou\u017eit\u00e9…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[9],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/190"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=190"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/190\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=190"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=190"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}