{"id":192,"date":"2006-10-25T16:08:57","date_gmt":"2006-10-25T15:08:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/messin.tode.cz\/?p=192"},"modified":"2006-10-25T16:08:57","modified_gmt":"2006-10-25T15:08:57","slug":"petr-schnur-hanebna-role-dnesnich-medii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/?p=192","title":{"rendered":"Petr Schnur: Hanebn\u00e1 role dne\u0161n\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Petr Schnur, Hannover<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eVl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed elita u\u010dinila sv\u00e9 modely normou; a tato norma nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e norma modern\u00ed industrializace, kter\u00e1 se nespokoj\u00ed ji\u017e jen s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee konzument konzumuje, n\u00fdbr\u017e nastupuje s\u00a0n\u00e1rokem, \u017ee nesm\u00ed existovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 ideologie ne\u017e ideologie konzumu, globalizace a voln\u00e9ho trhu financ\u00ed.\u201c<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Tato kritick\u00e1 slova nebyla pronesena na po\u010d\u00e1tku t\u0159et\u00edho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed n\u00fdbr\u017e po\u010d\u00e1tkem 70.let mil\u00e9nia minul\u00e9ho a jejich autorem byl zn\u00e1m\u00fd italsk\u00fd re\u017eis\u00e9r Pier Paolo Pasolini. Dnes ji\u017e nen\u00ed pochyb, \u017ee se budeme muset, pokud jsme je\u0161t\u011b docela neztratili ob\u010dansk\u00fd instinkt, z\u0159ejm\u011b v\u00edce zab\u00fdvat vizemi t\u011bch \u0161karohl\u00edd\u016f typu Huxleyho, Orwella \u010di Pasoliniho ne\u017e modern\u00edch sametov\u00fdch prorok\u016f \u201eotev\u0159en\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.\u201c<\/p>\n

Iluze plurality<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0kouzeln\u00fdch sl\u016fvek, kter\u00fdmi je ob\u010dan dnes a denn\u011b \u010dastov\u00e1n, je \u201epluralita<\/em>\u201c: pluralita slova, pluralita n\u00e1zor\u016f, politick\u00e1 pluralita, pluralita m\u00e9di\u00ed. Pronikneme-li kou\u0159ovou clonou l\u00edbiv\u00fdch titulk\u016f za ideologick\u00fd horizont doby, naraz\u00edme v\u00a0oblasti m\u00e9di\u00ed na pon\u011bkud jinou realitu, ne\u017e kterou n\u00e1m sugeruje nep\u0159ebern\u00e9 \u2013 a st\u00e1le stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed \u2013 mno\u017estv\u00ed radiov\u00fdch a televizn\u00edch stanic, novin, \u010dasopis\u016f a knih, o internetu ani nemluv\u011b. Ideolog\u016fm \u201enov\u00e9ho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho po\u0159\u00e1dku\u201c se v\u00edce m\u00e9n\u011b poda\u0159ilo \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b poda\u0159ilo vkl\u00ednit do pov\u011bdom\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rovnici: n\u00e1zorov\u00e1 r\u016fznorodost\/pluralita m\u00e9di\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 jejich po\u010dtu. \u017de kvantita zdaleka neznamen\u00e1 kvalitu, ale v\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd konzument z\u00a0obchodu. P\u0159edchoz\u00ed rovnice zapom\u00edn\u00e1 na jeden z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m: na rovnost \u0161anc\u00ed v\u00a0komer\u010dn\u011b orientovan\u00e9m medi\u00e1ln\u00edm \u201etrhu\u201c.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0praxi to vypad\u00e1 n\u00e1sledovn\u011b, uve\u010fme dva p\u0159\u00edklady z\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00fdch konc\u016f sv\u011bta \u2013 jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy a Ameriky:<\/p>\n

Zem\u011b b\u00fdval\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku se na po\u010d\u00e1tku devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let staly ter\u010dem n\u011bmeck\u00e9 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed expanze. Vedle velik\u00e1n\u016f Bertelsmana a Springera si vedlo velmi \u010dile zejm\u00e9na nakladatelstv\u00ed WAZ (Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung). Sv\u011btu dalo krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho i n\u00e1vod, jak si pomoc\u00ed zkorumpovan\u00fdch politick\u00fdch vl\u00e1dc\u016f zajistit pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00fd medi\u00e1ln\u00ed trh jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0Ma\u010farsku, Rumunsku, Bulharsku, Srbsku-\u010cern\u00e9 Ho\u0159e a Makedonii se nyn\u00ed pod\u00edl\u00ed 40 procenty na celkov\u00e9m novinov\u00e9m obratu. V\u00a0Chorvatsku p\u0159edstavuje s 35 procenty nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho vydavatele, v\u00a0Makedonii ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 dokonce 90 procent celkov\u00e9ho trhu.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0Rumunsku prob\u011bhl odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fd konflikt mezi novin\u00e1\u0159i a vydavatelem WAZ. V\u00a0roce 2004 redakce den\u00edku Romania Libera ve\u0159ejn\u011b protestovala proti politick\u00e9mu tlaku z\u00a0N\u011bmecka. Nav\u00edc WAZ p\u0159edstavuje v\u00fdmluvn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad symbi\u00f3zy politiky s\u00a0obchodem v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00ed \u201eotev\u0159en\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti\u201c: \u0161\u00e9fem firmy je Bodo Hambach, b\u00fdval\u00fd pov\u011b\u0159enec minul\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u011bdemokratick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy pro Balk\u00e1n, toho \u010dasu zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed koordin\u00e1tor tzv. Paktu stability pro jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropu.<\/p>\n

Jak vypad\u00e1 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed pluralita \u201eotev\u0159en\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti\u201c v\u00a0praxi \u201evysp\u011bl\u00fdch demokraci\u00ed\u201c, demonstruj\u00ed nejl\u00e9pe pom\u011bry ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech americk\u00fdch. Na 98 procent americk\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed (knih, novin, r\u00e1diov\u00fdch a televizn\u00edch stanic) je kontrolov\u00e1no deseti spole\u010dnostmi s\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00fdmi finan\u010dn\u00edmi z\u00e1jmy v\u00a0obchod\u011b s\u00a0automobily, ropou a zbran\u011bmi. Tato neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e1 koncentrace v\u00a0medi\u00e1ln\u00edm sektoru, jej\u00edm\u017e d\u016fsledkem je pochopiteln\u011b monopolizace \u201eproduktu\u201c jm\u00e9nem informace, vytvo\u0159ila \u0161est nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch gigant\u016f. Drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina rozhlasov\u00fdch a televizn\u00edch program\u016f (v kin\u011b, na videu, \u010di dvd), novin, \u010dasopis\u016f \u010di knih poch\u00e1z\u00ed od jednoho z\u00a0t\u011bchto megakoncern\u016f (po\u0159ad\u00ed podle velikosti a s\u00edly): AOL-Time Warner Inc., Disney-Capital Cities\/ABC Inc., Bertelsmann, Viacom, News Corporation (Rupert Murdoch) a Sony Corporation.<\/p>\n

A aby bylo jasn\u00e9, o \u010dem je \u0159e\u010d, n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad. Skrze den\u00edk New York Times ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 rodina Sulzberg\u016f dal\u0161\u00edch 33 novin, 12 magaz\u00edn\u016f, sedm rozhlasov\u00fdch a televizn\u00edch stanic, jeden kabelov\u00fd televizn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a t\u0159i kni\u017en\u00ed vydavatelstv\u00ed. V\u00a0internetu provozuje 40 webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek a jeho (NYT) zpr\u00e1vy, koment\u00e1\u0159e a fotografick\u00fd materi\u00e1l otiskuje dal\u0161\u00edch 506 \u010dasopis\u016f, zpravodajsk\u00fdch agentur a magaz\u00edn\u016f. A d\u016fsledky takov\u00e9 \u201eplurality\u201c? Jen v\u00a0prvn\u00edch t\u0159ech m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch po 11.9. 2001 bylo propu\u0161t\u011bno \u0161est v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f a akademik\u016f, proto\u017ee kritizovali americk\u00e9 politiky. Mluv\u010d\u00ed B\u00edl\u00e9ho domu se osopil na koment\u00e1tora stanice ABC za \u201enevlasteneck\u00e9\u201c kritizov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch st\u0159el s\u00a0plochou dr\u00e1hou doletu v\u00a0Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. Na \u017e\u00e1dost ministerstva zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed se tato stanice spolu s \u201ekonkurenc\u00ed\u201c CBS, NBA a CNN zav\u00e1zala, \u017ee nebudou pou\u017e\u00edvat \u201ebu\u0159i\u010dsk\u00fd jazyk\u201c. Nad novin\u00e1\u0159i doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi vojensk\u00e9 jednotky m\u00e1 vl\u00e1da samoz\u0159ejm\u011b naprostou kontrolu. Za t\u011bchto podm\u00ednek nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee americk\u00e1 m\u00e9dia nam\u00edsto kritick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek p\u011bla v\u00a0jednotn\u00e9m \u201evlasteneck\u00e9m\u201c ch\u00f3ru \u00f3du na pomstu.<\/p>\n

A podobn\u011b to bylo na evropsk\u00e9m kontinentu v\u00a0\u010dase v\u00e1lky v\u00a0Jugosl\u00e1vii, kdy jsme mohli sledovat \u201ev akci\u201c zglajch\u0161altovan\u00e1 evropsk\u00e1 masm\u00e9dia. Hanebn\u00e1 role t\u011bchto tzv. \u201esvobodn\u00fdch\u201c m\u00e9di\u00ed p\u0159i rozbit\u00ed Jugosl\u00e1vie a jejich jednostrann\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed proti Srb\u016fm vejde z\u0159ejm\u011b jednou do historie jako nejtemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kapitola evropsk\u00e9 \u017eurnalistiky po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Kdy\u017e b\u011bhem bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed Jugosl\u00e1vie v\u00a0roce 1999 pronesl mluv\u010d\u00ed Severoatlantick\u00e9 aliance Jamie Shea v\u011btu o tom, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 z\u00edskat a udr\u017eet obrazov\u00fd monopol, v\u011bd\u011bl o \u010dem mluv\u00ed. A kdy\u017e chv\u00e1lil demokraticky zvolen\u00e9 politiky (Rudolf Scharping odvedl opravdu dobrou pr\u00e1ci!<\/em> pravil nap\u0159\u00edklad), kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bli, jak\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy byly d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed jejich zem\u00ed, ude\u0159il h\u0159eb\u00edk na hlavi\u010dku. P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv vl\u00e1d, st\u00e1tn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f a mluv\u010d\u00edch NATO ov\u0161em nen\u00ed jedin\u00fd druh cenzury, se kter\u00fdm se svoboda slova pot\u00fdk\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Cenzura a komerce<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ponech\u00e1me-li stranou spektakul\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady systematick\u00e9ho a dlouhodob\u00e9ho sledov\u00e1n\u00ed nepohodln\u00fdch \u017eurnalist\u016f a publicist\u016f tajn\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami, jak ned\u00e1vno vy\u0161lo najevo v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bmeck\u00e9 BND (Spolkov\u00e1 zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba), jsou to pr\u00e1v\u011b vydavatel\u00e9\/majitel\u00e9 velk\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed a jim zodpov\u011bdn\u00ed \u0161\u00e9fredakto\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eurnalist\u016fm stanovuj\u00ed jasn\u00e9 hranice jejich p\u016fsoben\u00ed. Ty jsou v\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b obecn\u011b vyty\u010deny pravidly hry st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho politicko-ekonomick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \u2013 co je nad n\u011b, je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za extremismus, populismus \u010di jin\u00fd \u2013ismus. V\u011bt\u0161ina masov\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed vzhledem ke sv\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm i jin\u00fdm vazb\u00e1m nestoj\u00ed nad syst\u00e9mem a tedy objektivn\u011b nad v\u011bc\u00ed, jak se sna\u017e\u00ed sugerovat, n\u00fdbr\u017e je jeho v\u00fdznamnou a pln\u011b integrovanou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad k\u00a0onomu ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9mu konfliktu mezi redakc\u00ed Romania Libera<\/em> a jeho n\u011bmeck\u00fdm vydavatelem, do\u0161lo po masivn\u00ed intervenci WAZ ve prosp\u011bch rumunsk\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tyto intervence se ale zdaleka ned\u011blaj\u00ed jen p\u0159\u00edmou cestou. V\u00a0novin\u00e1ch \u010di televizi panuje jako v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m podniku hierarchie, kter\u00e1 nejen \u0159\u00edd\u00ed jejich chod, ale zodpov\u00edd\u00e1 i za dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed norem p\u0159\u00edmo \u010di nep\u0159\u00edmo stanoven\u00fdch vydavatelem Slovem \u201enep\u0159\u00edmo\u201c se mysl\u00ed \u201efilosofie\u201c firmy, kter\u00e1 je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9mu zam\u011bstnanci zn\u00e1m\u00e1 a kter\u00e1 vyb\u00edz\u00ed ke zdr\u017eenlivosti. Sebecenzura potom nastupuje tam, kde u \u017eurnalist\u016f p\u0159evl\u00e1dne snaha o uspokojen\u00ed vydavatelova \u2013 \u0161\u00e9fredaktorova o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u0165 ji\u017e z\u00a0materi\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010di jin\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f. Doty\u010dn\u00fd publicista prost\u011b v\u00ed, co se od n\u011bj o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 a kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed mantinely, v\u00a0jejich\u017e r\u00e1mci se m\u016f\u017ee pohybovat. Otev\u0159en\u00fd konflikt s\u00a0vydavatelem po vzoru odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch Rumun\u016f je sp\u00ed\u0161e vz\u00e1cnou v\u00fdjimkou.<\/p>\n

Vedle uveden\u00e9 politick\u00e9 (sebe)cenzury rozhoduje rovn\u011b\u017e z\u00e1kon trhu. Zvulgarizovan\u00e1 spole\u010dnost vy\u017eaduje triviality a rychl\u00e9 informace a m\u00e9dium je dnes v\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b produkt na prodej. Podle toho taky vypadaj\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed noviny, \u010dasopisy \u010di televizn\u00ed programy; smyslem masov\u00e9ho setk\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0m\u00e9diem na\u0161\u00ed doby nen\u00ed touha po v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 a to v\u00a0lep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u2013 snaha b\u00fdt informov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Cit\u00e1tem jsme zah\u00e1jili, cit\u00e1tem skon\u010deme. O n\u011bco m\u00e1lo pozd\u011bji ne\u017e \u00favodem citovan\u00fd italsk\u00fd re\u017eis\u00e9r pronesl americk\u00fd hudebn\u00edk Frank Zappa na adresu \u201esvobodn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed\u201c n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011btu: The information is no knowledge (informace nen\u00ed znalost<\/em>). To ov\u0161em prohl\u00e1sil ve \u201estar\u00fdch dobr\u00fdch \u010dasech\u201c. Co by \u0159ekl nyn\u00ed?<\/p>\n

(\u010cl\u00e1nek vy\u0161el v\u00a0\u010dasopise Konec konc\u016f 2\/2006)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Petr Schnur, Hannover \u201eVl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed elita u\u010dinila sv\u00e9 modely normou; a tato norma nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e norma modern\u00ed industrializace, kter\u00e1 se nespokoj\u00ed ji\u017e jen s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee konzument konzumuje, n\u00fdbr\u017e nastupuje s\u00a0n\u00e1rokem, \u017ee nesm\u00ed existovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[9],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/192"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=192"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/192\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=192"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}