\u201eSrebrenica\u201c se stala symbolem zla, specificky srbsk\u00e9ho zla. Je oby\u010dejn\u011b popisov\u00e1na jako \u201enejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hr\u016fza od konce II.sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky\u201c ve kter\u00e9 bylo chladnokrevn\u011b popraveno \u201enejm\u00e9n\u011b 8.000 muslimsk\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f a chlapc\u016f\u201c (1). Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti se m\u011bly st\u00e1t pobl\u00ed\u017e bosensk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Srebrenica mezi 10.a 19.\u010dervencem 1995, kdy\u017e bosensko-srbsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da (BSA) zabrala m\u011bsto, bojovala a zabila mnoho bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f. Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd po\u010det zem\u0159el v boji a p\u0159i poprav\u00e1ch. Nen\u00ed pochyb, \u017ee tam k poprav\u00e1m do\u0161lo a \u017ee mno\u017estv\u00ed Muslim\u016f zem\u0159elo p\u0159i evakuaci ze Srebrenice a po n\u00ed. Ale jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b je diskutov\u00e1na ot\u00e1zka kolik jich bylo vlastn\u011b popraveno, a\u010dkoliv mno\u017estv\u00ed t\u011bl nalezen\u00fdch v m\u00edstn\u00edch hrobech bylo ob\u011bt\u00ed boj\u016f a mnoho m\u00edstn\u00edch bosensko-muslimsk\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f dos\u00e1hlo bezpe\u010dn\u011b muslimsk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e1 t\u011bla pat\u0159ila taky t\u011bm mnoha Srb\u016fm zabit\u00fdm p\u0159i muslimsk\u00fdch n\u00e1jezdech ze Srebrenice v letech p\u0159ed \u010dervencem 1995.<\/p>\n
Srebrenick\u00fd masakr hr\u00e1l zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed roli v politice z\u00e1padu p\u0159i zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s p\u0159eorganizov\u00e1n\u00edm b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vie a je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce p\u0159i od\u016fvod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edch intervenc\u00ed. Proto se j\u00ed st\u00e1le dost\u00e1v\u00e1 obnoven\u00e9 pozornosti a vzpom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b tento \u010dervenec, kdy bude des\u00e1t\u00e9 v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed. Srebrenica je pravideln\u011b citov\u00e1na jako d\u016fkaz srbsk\u00e9ho zla a genocidn\u00edch \u00famysl\u016f a pomohla tak\u00e9 ospravedlnit zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se na potrest\u00e1n\u00ed Srb\u016f a Milo\u0161evi\u010de z\u00e1sahem NATO v roce 1999. Srebrenica tak\u00e9 poskytla d\u016fle\u017eitou mor\u00e1ln\u00ed podporu pro dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed trestn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, uk\u00e1zky s\u00edly a \u201eosovobozen\u00ed\u201c , kter\u00e9 m\u011bly uk\u00e1zat, \u017ee kde je zlo, tam Z\u00e1pad m\u016f\u017ee a mus\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout silou.<\/p>\n
Jenom\u017ee v souvislosti s masakrem jsou t\u0159i v\u011bci, kter\u00fdm by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v\u011bnov\u00e1na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 pozornost a seri\u00f3zn\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm, masakr extr\u00e9mn\u011b vyhovoval Clintonov\u011b administrativ\u011b, bosensk\u00fdm Muslim\u016fm a Chorvat\u016fm (\u010d\u00e1st 1 n\u00ed\u017ee). Za druh\u00e9, existovala p\u0159ed ( i po Srebrenici) \u0159ada obvin\u011bn\u00ed Srb\u016f z krutost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se pravideln\u011b objevovala v\u017edy ve strategicky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch momentech, kdy byly na obzoru z\u00e1sahy USA a NATO, ale pot\u0159ebovaly n\u011bjak\u00e9 pevn\u00e9 propaga\u010dn\u00ed od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed a tato obvin\u011bn\u00ed se pozd\u011bji uk\u00e1zala jako fale\u0161n\u00e1 (\u010d\u00e1st 2).<\/p>\n
T\u0159et\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed je d\u016fkaz o masakru. Tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee 8.000 mu\u017e\u016f a chlapc\u016f bylo rozhodn\u011b popraveno je p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm problematick\u00e9 (\u010d\u00e1st 3 a 4)<\/p>\n
1.Politick\u00e1 v\u00fdhodnost<\/p>\n
Ud\u00e1losti ve Srebrenici a obvin\u011bn\u00ed z hlavn\u00edho masakru bylo extr\u00e9mn\u011b prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 pro Clintonovu administrativu, bosensko-muslimsk\u00e9 veden\u00ed a chorvatsk\u00e9 \u010dinitele. Clinton byl v roce 1995 pod siln\u00fdm politick\u00fdm tlakem m\u00e9di\u00ed a sen\u00e1tora Boba Dolea, aby u\u010dinil v\u00edce energick\u00fdch krok\u016f k podpo\u0159e bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f (2) a jeho administrativa dychtila naj\u00edt ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed pro v\u00edce agresivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed. Clintonovi \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci se hnali na sc\u00e9nu srebrenick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu k potvrzen\u00ed a zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00ed z masakru, stejn\u011b jako to ud\u011blal pozd\u011bji v lednu 1999 v Ra\u010daku William Walker. Walkerovo bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Madelein Albrightov\u00e9 ji p\u0159im\u011blo k j\u00e1sav\u00e9mu v\u00fdroku \u201ejaro p\u0159ijde tento rok brzy.\u201c (3) Srebrenica zase v l\u00e9t\u011b 1995 umo\u017enila \u201ep\u0159ij\u00edt podzimu brzy\u201c pro Clintonovu administrativu.<\/p>\n
Bosensko-muslim\u0161t\u00ed v\u016fdci bojovali \u0159adu let za to, aby NATO zas\u00e1hlo v\u00edce silou na jejich podporu a jsou d\u016fkazy, \u017ee proto byli p\u0159ipraveni nejen lh\u00e1t, ale dokonce i ob\u011btovat sv\u00e9 lidi a voj\u00e1ky. (v\u00edce o tom v \u010d\u00e1sti 2) Bosensko-muslim\u0161t\u00ed v\u016fdci prohla\u0161ovali, \u017ee jejich v\u016fdce Alija Izetbegovi\u010d jim sd\u011blil, \u017ee Clinton mu \u0159ekl, \u017ee by zas\u00e1hl pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, pokud by Srbov\u00e9 zabili ve Srebrenici nejm\u00e9n\u011b 5.000 Muslim\u016f. (4). Opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Srebrenice velkou vojenskou silou, kter\u00e1 byla v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e s\u00edla \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk\u016f a sta\u017een\u00ed t\u00e9to s\u00edly u\u010dinilo enkl\u00e1vu zraniteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a bylo p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch obrovsk\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t p\u0159i boj\u00edch a prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edch pomsty a to pomohlo splnit krit\u00e9ria Clintonov\u00fdch po\u010dt\u016f, a\u0165 u\u017e po dobr\u00e9m, nebo po zl\u00e9m. Je dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkaz, \u017ee \u00fastup ze Srebrenice nebyl zalo\u017een na n\u011bjak\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 nutnosti, ale byl strategi\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla nutn\u011b p\u0159ivodit ob\u011bti pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed c\u00edl. (5)<\/p>\n
Tak\u00e9 chorvatsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady byly velmi pot\u011b\u0161eny obvin\u011bn\u00edmi ze srebrenick\u00e9ho masakru, proto\u017ee odklonila pozornost od jejich zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed etnick\u00e9 \u010distky Srb\u016f a bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Bosn\u011b (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u011b ignorovan\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00edmi m\u00e9dii) (6), a poskytla jim kryt\u00ed pro jejich u\u017e napl\u00e1novan\u00e9 odstran\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkolika set tis\u00edc Srb\u016f z oblasti Krajiny v Chorvatsku. Tato masivn\u00ed operace etnick\u00e9 o\u010disty byla provedena s americk\u00fdm schv\u00e1len\u00edm a logistickou podporou b\u011bhem m\u011bs\u00edce srebrenick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a klidn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee zahrnovat zabit\u00ed v\u00edc srbsk\u00fdch civilist\u016f, ne\u017e bylo muslimsk\u00fdch civilist\u016f zabit\u00fdch v \u010dervenci 1995: v\u011bt\u0161ina bosensko-muslimsk\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed byli toti\u017e voj\u00e1ci, ne civilist\u00e9, a zat\u00edmco bosen\u0161t\u00ed Srbov\u00e9 dopravovali autobusy muslimsk\u00e9 \u017eeny, d\u011bti a starce ze Srebrenice do bezpe\u010d\u00ed na muslimsk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed, tak Chorvati neud\u011blali \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 takov\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed a mnoho d\u011bt\u00ed, \u017een a starc\u016f bylo v Krajin\u011b zabito. (7). Krutost Chorvat\u016f byla p\u016fsobiv\u00e1: \u201evoj\u00e1ci OSN zd\u011b\u0161en\u011b sledovali, jak chorvat\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci vyt\u00e1hli t\u011bla mrtv\u00fdch Srb\u016f pod\u00e9l silnice p\u0159ed jejich budovou OSN a rozst\u0159\u00edleli t\u011bla samopaly AK 47. Potom kulkami rozst\u0159\u00edlen\u00e1 t\u011bla rozjezdili pod p\u00e1sy tanku.\u201c(8). Ale toho v\u0161eho si n\u011bkdo jen t\u011b\u017eko pov\u0161imnul p\u0159i vln\u011b rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed a propagandy vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 kolem Srebrenice m\u00e9dii hlavn\u00edho proudu, jejich\u017e bojechtiv\u00e1 a agresivn\u00ed role v balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch byla v t\u00e9 dob\u011b u\u017e velmi zaveden\u00e1. (9)<\/p>\n
Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed trestn\u00ed tribun\u00e1l pro b\u00fdvalou Jugosl\u00e1vii (ICTY) a OSN m\u011bli tak\u00e9 velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu p\u0159i upev\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed standardn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o masakru ve Srebrenici. Od jeho samotn\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00e1tku slou\u017eil ICTY jako prodlou\u017een\u00e1 pa\u017ee sil NATO, kter\u00e9 ho vytvo\u0159ilo, financovalo ho, slou\u017eil mu jako prodlou\u017een\u00e1 policejn\u00ed ruka i jako hlavn\u00ed zdroj zpr\u00e1v pro m\u00e9dia, o\u010dek\u00e1val pokyny a velmi pozorn\u011b slou\u017eil t\u00e9to organizaci. (10) ICTY se na Srebrenici intenzivn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159il a poskytoval d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 a form\u00e1ln\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed masakru, spolu s citac\u00ed \u201esoudn\u00edho\u201c obvin\u011bn\u00ed z pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201egenocidy\u201c. OSN je m\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fkladn\u011b integrovan\u00e1 do po\u017eadavk\u016f sil NATO, ale je velice vn\u00edmav\u00e1 a toto v\u0161e pro\u0161lo hlavn\u011b proto, \u017ee to USA a jejich spojenci velmi siln\u011b po\u017eadovali. (11)<\/p>\n
Tento politick\u00fd z\u00e1jem na srebrenick\u00e9m masakru p\u0159esto nedokazuje, \u017ee ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh je od z\u00e1kladu \u0161patn\u00fd. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b upozor\u0148uje na opatrnost a mo\u017enost falzifikace a mo\u017enost navy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed\/nahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00ed. Vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto faktu bylo v mainstreamov\u00e9m zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se Srebrenic\u00ed absolutn\u011b nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9.<\/p>\n
2. S\u00e9rie l\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ed Srebrenic\u00ed a po n\u00ed<\/p>\n
V ka\u017ed\u00e9m stadiu demont\u00e1\u017ee Jugosl\u00e1vie, jejich etnick\u00fdch \u010distk\u00e1ch, p\u0159ed a b\u011bhem NATO v\u00e1lky kv\u016fli srbsk\u00e9 provincii Kosovo v roce 1999, hr\u00e1ly propagandistick\u00e9 l\u017ei v konfliktu velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v jeho pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a proti-srbsk\u00fdch akc\u00edch. Bylo tam mno\u017estv\u00ed lhan\u00ed formou vynech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v a \u00famysln\u00fdch zlovoln\u00fdch l\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo zprost\u0159edkovaly fale\u0161n\u00e9 dojmy a informace. Hlavn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem l\u017eiv\u00e9ho informov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo p\u0159edstavov\u00e1n\u00ed Srb\u016f jako jedin\u00fdch \u0161patn\u00fdch a to nejen p\u0159i srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Chorvaty, \u010di Muslimy, ale i ve v\u00e1lce jako celku. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee m\u00e9dia informovala o srbsk\u00fdch \u00fatoc\u00edch, nebo krutostech, v\u017edy zanedbala informovat p\u0159edchoz\u00edch \u00fatoc\u00edch na Srby pr\u00e1v\u011b v t\u011bchto m\u011bstech, tak\u017ee vyrobila ze srbsk\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f akty agrese a barbarstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Toto bylo evidentn\u00ed od sam\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch boj\u016f v roce 1991 v republice Chorvatsko. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v jejich zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s informacemi o v\u00fdchodo-chorvatsk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Vukovar. M\u00e9dia i ICTY se v\u00fdhradn\u011b soust\u0159edily a\u017e na dobyt\u00ed tohoto m\u011bsta jugosl\u00e1vskou arm\u00e1dou na podzim 1991. Kompletn\u011b ignorovaly ud\u00e1losti z jara a l\u00e9ta 1991, kdy ve m\u011bst\u011b jednotky chorvatsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed gardy a paravojensk\u00e9 jednotky zavra\u017edily stovky etnick\u00fdch Srb\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eili na \u00fazem\u00ed m\u011bsta. Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Raymond K. Kent, \u201ezna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st populace etnick\u00fdch Srb\u016f ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm slavonsk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Vukovar zmizela, ani\u017e by uprchla, z\u016fstaly zde stopy po mu\u010den\u00ed v katakomb\u00e1ch z rann\u00fdch dob Rakouska-Uherska pod m\u011bstem, spolu s d\u016fkazy vra\u017ed a zn\u00e1sil\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed m\u00e9dia, ve kter\u00fdch byla v pln\u00e9m proudu d\u00e9monizace Srb\u016f, se rozhodla tyto ud\u00e1losti p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout\u2026\u201c (12) Tohle selektivn\u00ed a zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo b\u011b\u017enou prax\u00ed m\u00e9di\u00ed i ICTY. Lhan\u00ed vynech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm bylo rovn\u011b\u017e jasn\u00e9 p\u0159i pozornosti v\u011bnovan\u00e9 bosensko-srbsk\u00fdm v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00fdm t\u00e1bor\u016fm, jako Omarska, na kter\u00fd se soust\u0159edila m\u00e9dia intenzivn\u011b a s rozho\u0159\u010den\u00edm i kdy\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti m\u011bli Muslimov\u00e9 i Chorvati velmi podobn\u00e9 zajateck\u00e9 t\u00e1bory – Celebici, Tarcin, Livno, Bradina, Odzak a Zetra camp v Sarajevu, mimo jin\u00e1 m\u00edsta (13) se zhruba stejn\u00fdmi po\u010dty v\u011bz\u0148\u016f, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s ur\u010dit\u011b ne rozd\u00edln\u00fdm zach\u00e1zen\u00edm s v\u011bzni (14), ale na rozd\u00edl od Srb\u016f si Muslimov\u00e9 a Chorvati najali schopn\u00e9 PR firmy a odm\u00edtli prohl\u00eddky sv\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed – a u\u017e dob\u0159e rozjet\u00fd zp\u016fsob zaujat\u00e9ho informov\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobil, \u017ee m\u00e9dia nem\u011bla o jin\u00e9 t\u00e1bory ne\u017e srbsk\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1jem.<\/p>\n
Divok\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed o \u201eosv\u011btimsk\u00fdch\u201c podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch v srbsk\u00fdch \u201ekoncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1borech\u201c byla \u0161\u00ed\u0159ena \u201enaklon\u011bn\u00fdmi novin\u00e1\u0159i\u201c kte\u0159\u00ed hltali propagandistick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly rozd\u00e1van\u00e9 muslimsk\u00fdmi a chorvatsk\u00fdmi p\u0159edstaviteli a PR p\u0159ekrucova\u010di. Roy Gutman, kter\u00fd dostal spole\u010dn\u011b s Johnem Burnsem v roce 1993 Pulitzerovu cenu za bosensk\u00e9 zpravodajstv\u00ed, t\u011b\u017ece z\u00e1visel na chorvatsk\u00fdch a muslimsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edc\u00edch\/\u010dinitel\u00edch a sv\u011bdc\u00edch s podez\u0159el\u00fdm kreditem a nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdch obvin\u011bn\u00edch, a byl hlavn\u00edm zdrojem nafukov\u00e1n\u00ed\/p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed a jednostrann\u00e9 a l\u017eiv\u00e9 propagandy o \u201ekoncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1borech\u201c. (15) Pulitzerova cena pro Johna Burnse byla zalo\u017eena na rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9m interview s Borisem Herakem, zajat\u00fdm bosensk\u00fdm Srbem, kter\u00fd byl dod\u00e1n jemu a Sorosem financovan\u00e9mu filmu, kter\u00fd vyrobili bosen\u0161t\u00ed Muslimov\u00e9. O n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji Herak p\u0159ipustil, \u017ee jeho extr\u00e9mn\u011b nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed bylo vynucen\u00e9, a \u017ee byl p\u0159inucen se neu\u010dit zpam\u011bti mnoho stran l\u017e\u00ed. Dv\u011b z jeho \u00fadajn\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed byly v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch letech nalezeny \u017eiv\u00e9. Ve zpravodajstv\u00ed o Herakovi byla Johnem Burnsem, den\u00edkem The New York Times (a tak\u00e9 i v Sorosem financovan\u00e9m filmu) potla\u010dena skute\u010dnost, kter\u00e1 ohro\u017eovala Herakovu d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost. Jednalo se o k\u0159iv\u00e9 na\u0159\u010den\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9ho velitele UNPROFOR, kanadsk\u00e9ho gener\u00e1la Lewise McKenzieho, \u017ee m\u011bl zn\u00e1sil\u0148ovat mlad\u00e9 muslimsk\u00e9 \u017eeny v Srby provozovan\u00e9m bordelu. (16). Tyto skand\u00e1ln\u00ed ceny jsou p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed zaujatost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla u\u017e v letech 1992 a 1993 ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n
V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji z\u00e1jmu se p\u0159i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b u um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho Izetbegovi\u010de zeptal Bernard Kouchner tohoto muslimsk\u00e9ho v\u016fdce na koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory bosensk\u00fdch Srb\u016f, na\u010de\u017e um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed Izetbegovi\u010d p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b p\u0159ipustil, \u017ee tato tvrzen\u00ed byla nafouknut\u00e1 za \u00fa\u010delem bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed Srb\u016f organizac\u00ed NATO. (17) Toto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed nebylo v\u016fbec zm\u00edn\u011bno v USA, ani v tradi\u010dn\u00edch britsk\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00edch.<\/p>\n
Jednu z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch propagandistick\u00fdch l\u017e\u00ed b\u011bhem 90.let p\u0159edstavoval srbsk\u00fd t\u00e1bor Trnopolje, kter\u00fd nav\u0161t\u00edvili brit\u0161t\u00ed report\u00e9\u0159i z ITN v srpnu 1992. Tito novin\u00e1\u0159i tam fotografovali Fikreta Alice, ukazuj\u00edc ho vyhubl\u00e9ho a zd\u00e1nliv\u011b za plotem koncentra\u010dn\u00edho t\u00e1bora. Ve skute\u010dnosti byl Fikret Alic v tranzitn\u00edm t\u00e1bo\u0159e, byl to nemocn\u00fd mu\u017e (onemocn\u011bl tuberkul\u00f3zou dlouho p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e se dostal do t\u00e1bora), v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se nepodobal ostatn\u00edm v t\u00e1bo\u0159e a byl velmi brzy schopen odej\u00edt do \u0160v\u00e9dska. Krom\u011b toho byl plot kolem fotograf\u016f a nikoliv kolem focen\u00e9ho mu\u017ee. (18) Ale tato obrovsky nepoctiv\u00e1\/podvodn\u00e1 fotografie byla uv\u00e1d\u011bna v\u0161ude na z\u00e1pad\u011b jako uk\u00e1zka srbsk\u00e9 \u201eOsv\u011btimi\u201c, byla odsouzena vysok\u00fdmi p\u0159edstaviteli NATO a pomohla poskytnout mravn\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed ICTY s jasn\u00fdm zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm proti Srb\u016fm.<\/p>\n
V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ohro\u017een\u00ed Sarajeva, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159i konfliktech v okol\u00ed mnoha m\u011bst, kter\u00e1 byla ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti\/z\u00f3ny\u201c se vl\u00e1da bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f zab\u00fdvala taktikou soustavn\u00e9ho provokov\u00e1n\u00ed Srb\u016f, jejich obvi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm z n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch reakc\u00ed, lhan\u00edm o ob\u011btech a obvykle \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm sna\u017een\u00edm vlo\u017eit vinu na Srby. Jak \u0159ekl John Fenton \u201eDen co den prov\u00e1zelo ka\u017ed\u00fd ozn\u00e1men\u00fd konflikt muslimsk\u00e9 obvin\u011bn\u00ed Srb\u016f z masakr\u016f: nejproslulej\u0161\u00ed bylo prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed muslimsk\u00e9ho premi\u00e9ra Harise Silajdzice, kdy\u017e u\u010dinil OSN odpov\u011bdnou za 70.000 \u00famrt\u00ed v Biha\u010di na ja\u0159e 1995. Ve skute\u010dnosti tam sotva do\u0161lo k boj\u016fm a ztr\u00e1ty byly minim\u00e1ln\u00ed.\u201c (19).<\/p>\n
N\u00e1padn\u00fdm rysem muslimsk\u00e9 snahy d\u00e9monizovat Srby v \u00famyslu vyvolat z\u00e1sah NATO ve prosp\u011bch bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f, byla ochota zab\u00edt sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed lidi. Toto bylo nejv\u00edce patrn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nel\u00edtostn\u00e9ho bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed civilist\u016f ve t\u0159ech masakrech v Sarajevu: v roce 1992 (\u201eMasakr ve front\u011b na chleba\u201c), 1994 (\u201eMasakr na tr\u017ei\u0161ti Markale\u201c) a ve \u201edruh\u00e9m masakru na tr\u017ei\u0161ti\u201c roce 1995. Ve standardn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu byli odpov\u011bdn\u00ed Srbov\u00e9 a je nesporn\u011b nesnadn\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee muslimsk\u00e9 veden\u00ed by mohlo zab\u00edjet sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed pro politick\u00fd zisk, i kdy\u017e d\u016fkazy siln\u011b sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed t\u00edmto sm\u011brem. Ale v\u0161echny tyto masakry byly opravdu extr\u00e9mn\u011b dob\u0159e na\u010dasovan\u00e9, aby ovlivnily bezprost\u0159edn\u011b hroz\u00edc\u00ed NATO a OSN k rozhodnut\u00ed siln\u011bji intervenovat ve prosp\u011bch bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det p\u0159edstavitel\u016f OSN a v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch z\u00e1padn\u00edch vojensk\u00fdch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee ve v\u0161ech t\u0159ech p\u0159\u00edpadech jsou siln\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, \u017ee akce byly pe\u010dliv\u011b napl\u00e1nov\u00e1ny a provedeny bosensk\u00fdmi Muslimy. (20) Americk\u00fd arm\u00e1dn\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edk John E. Sray, kter\u00fd byl v Bosn\u011b na m\u00edst\u011b b\u011bhem tohoto i jin\u00fdch masakr\u016f a byl \u0161\u00e9fem sekce americk\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby v Sarajevu, dokonce navrhl, \u017ee incidenty a pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1 spoluvina\/tich\u00fd souhlas bosensko-muslimsk\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f v t\u011bchto krutostech by si zaslou\u017eily \u201ed\u016fkladn\u00e9 pro\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm soudn\u00edm tribun\u00e1lem pro v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zlo\u010diny.\u201c(21) Net\u0159eba p\u0159ipom\u00ednat, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 takov\u00e1 d\u016fkladn\u00e1 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed nenastala. Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, tento n\u00e1zor na t\u0159i masakry nen\u00ed teorie spiknut\u00ed, je to z\u00e1v\u011br zalo\u017een\u00fd na skute\u010dn\u00fdch a p\u00e1dn\u00fdch d\u016fkazech, av\u0161ak nediskutovan\u00fd v p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch vysv\u011btlen\u00edch ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 minulosti Balk\u00e1nu. (22)<\/p>\n
Lhan\u00ed o po\u010dtech zabit\u00fdch bylo b\u011b\u017enou prax\u00ed p\u0159ed i po Srebrenici. Pom\u00e1halo to udr\u017eet hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. Co se t\u00fd\u010de Bosny, tak v prosinci 1992 bosensko-muslimsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da nahl\u00e1sila 128.444 \u00famrt\u00ed sv\u00fdch lid\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b voj\u00e1k\u016f), v \u010dervnu 1993 u\u017e hl\u00e1sila 200.000, a v roce 1994 se \u010d\u00edslo zvedlo a\u017e na 250.000. (23) Tato \u010d\u00edsla byla bez pochybnost\u00ed p\u0159ijata z\u00e1padn\u00edmi politiky, m\u00e9dii, a intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdmi agit\u00e1tory (nap\u0159. Davide Rieff). S\u00e1m Clinton pou\u017eil \u010d\u00edslo 250.000 p\u0159i sv\u00e9m projevu v listopadu 1995. B\u00fdval\u00fd vysok\u00fd p\u0159edstavitel americk\u00e9ho ministerstva zahrani\u010d\u00ed George Kenney pova\u017eoval tato \u010d\u00edsla za pochybn\u00e1 a divil se d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ivosti m\u00e9di\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00ed t\u011bchto tvrzen\u00ed bez sebemen\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1jmu je ov\u011b\u0159it. Jeho vlastn\u00ed odhad se pohyboval mezi 25.000 a\u017e 60.000 (24). V nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b proveden\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, sponzorovan\u00fd norskou vl\u00e1dou, odhaduje po\u010det ob\u011bt\u00ed na 80.000. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum podporovan\u00fd haagsk\u00fdm tribun\u00e1lem p\u0159i\u0161el s \u010d\u00edslem 102.000. (25). \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 z t\u011bchto studi\u00ed nebyla hl\u00e1\u0161ena americk\u00fdmi m\u00e9dii, kter\u00e1 pravideln\u011b nab\u00edzej\u00ed sv\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm\/poslucha\u010d\u016fm nafouknut\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla.<\/p>\n
Podobn\u011b infla\u010dn\u00ed proces nastal b\u011bhem 78 denn\u00edho bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed NATO v roce 1999, kdy vysoc\u00ed ameri\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch chv\u00edl\u00edch tvrdili, \u017ee Srbov\u00e9 v Kosovu zabili 100.000, 250.000 a 500.000 kosovsk\u00fdch Alb\u00e1nc\u016f, spolu s neomezen\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm slova \u201egenocida\u201c p\u0159i popisov\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v Kosovu. (26) Toto \u010d\u00edslo se postupn\u011b smrsklo na 11.000 a z\u016fstalo tak i navzdory skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee p\u0159i jednom z nejintenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch soudn\u00edch p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed v historii bylo nalezeno asi 4.000 t\u011bl s t\u00edm, \u017ee nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed z nich jsou bojovn\u00edci, Srbov\u00e9, a civiln\u00ed ob\u011bti americk\u00e9ho bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ale \u010d\u00edslo 11.000 mus\u00ed platit, proto\u017ee to \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed vl\u00e1dy NATO a ICTY, a jak sv\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e ujistil Michael Ignatieff z New York Times \u201ezda t\u011bch 11.334 t\u011bl bude nalezeno z\u00e1vis\u00ed na srbsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b a policii, kter\u00e1 je odstranila.\u201c (27)<\/p>\n
Tento seznam systematick\u00fdch dezinformac\u00ed jist\u011b nevyvr\u00e1t\u00ed pravdu ve standardn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu srebrenick\u00e9ho masakru. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b d\u00e1v\u00e1 podn\u011bt k bli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu pohledu na tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se uk\u00e1zala tak p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00e1, d\u00e1v\u00e1 podn\u011bt k d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu a podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu pohledu, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m m\u00e9dia hlavn\u00edho proudu opakovan\u011b odm\u00edtla poskytnout.<\/p>\n
3. Problematick\u00e1 obvin\u011bn\u00ed z masakr\u016f<\/p>\n
B\u011bhem srebrenick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v \u010dervenci 1995 byla sc\u00e9na dokonale p\u0159ipravena pro \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 zhotoven\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00ed z masakru. Naprosto bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00e9 s\u00e9riov\u00e9 lhan\u00ed v m\u00e9di\u00edch hlavn\u00edho proudu. U\u017e del\u0161\u00ed dobu b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed d\u00e9moniza\u010dn\u00ed proces modelu zlo versus dobro. ICTY a OSN v\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1sledovaly politiku USA a jejich spojenc\u016f z NATO a m\u00e9dia byla na stejn\u00e9 lodi s v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00ed stranou.<\/p>\n
V tomto prost\u0159ed\u00ed bylo set\u0159en\u00ed skute\u010dnosti snadn\u00e9. Jeden prvek z kontextu byla skute\u010dnost, \u017ee koncept \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n\/oblast\u00ed\u201c byl podvod, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159edstava, \u017ee \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti\u201c jsou odzbrojeny. Nebyly a to dokonce se souhlasem OSN. (28) Tyto z\u00f3ny jako Srebrenica a jin\u00e9, byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny bosensk\u00fdmi Muslimy jako startovac\u00ed rampy (\u201elaunching pads\u201c) k \u00fatok\u016fm na bl\u00edzk\u00e9 srbsk\u00e9 vesnice. Ve t\u0159ech letech p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch masakru bylo zabito muslimsk\u00fdmi silami dob\u0159e p\u0159es 1.000 srbsk\u00fdch civilist\u016f v mno\u017estv\u00ed zdevastovan\u00fdch nedalek\u00fdch vesnic; (29) A o hodn\u011b d\u0159\u00edve p\u0159ed \u010dervencem 1995 py\u0161n\u011b ukazoval muslimsk\u00fd velitel Srebrenice Naser Ori\u010d zpravodaj\u016fm z\u00e1padn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed videa, kde byly nato\u010deny n\u011bkter\u00e9 jeho ob\u011bti se setnutou hlavou a chlubil se jejich zab\u00edjen\u00edm. (30) Kdy\u017e 12.\u00fanora 2004 sv\u011bd\u010dil p\u0159ed haagsk\u00fdm tribun\u00e1lem gener\u00e1l Philippe Morillon \u2013 velitel vojsk OSN v Bosn\u011b b\u011bhem let 1992-1993, vyj\u00e1d\u0159il p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee \u00fatok na Srebrenici byl \u201ep\u0159\u00edmou reakc\u00ed\u201c na masakry Srb\u016f, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bl Naser Ori\u010d a jeho s\u00edly b\u011bhem let 1992-1993. Morillon v\u011bd\u011bl o t\u011bchto zlo\u010dinech v\u00edce, ne\u017e kdokoliv jin\u00fd a byl s nimi podrobn\u011b sezn\u00e1men p\u0159\u00edmo na m\u00edst\u011b. (31) Morillonovo sv\u011bdectv\u00ed nevyvolalo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1jem z\u00e1padn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed. Naser Ori\u010d byl sice 23.b\u0159ezna 2003 ICTY obvin\u011bn, ale zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee jen pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159edstavy soudn\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy. Ori\u010d byl toti\u017e obvin\u011bn pouze ze zabit\u00ed sedmi Srb\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli mu\u010deni a uml\u00e1ceni k smrti po zajet\u00ed a ze \u201esv\u00e9voln\u00e9ho\u201c ni\u010den\u00ed nedalek\u00fdch vesnic. A\u010dkoliv se otev\u0159en\u011b chlubil z\u00e1padn\u00edm novin\u00e1\u0159\u016fm zab\u00edjen\u00edm srbsk\u00fdch civilist\u016f, ICTY \u00fadajn\u011b \u201enena\u0161el \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee by p\u0159i jeho operac\u00edch proti okoln\u00edm srbsk\u00fdm vesnic\u00edm byly n\u011bjak\u00e9 civiln\u00ed ob\u011bti.\u201c (32)<\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e v \u010dervenci 1995 bosen\u0161t\u00ed Srbov\u00e9 zabrali Srebrenici, tak bylo hl\u00e1\u0161eno, \u017ee 28.divize bosensko-muslimsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy (BMA), \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc mu\u017e\u016f pr\u00e1v\u011b utekla z m\u011bsta. (33) M\u00e9dia se nedok\u00e1zala zeptat, jak je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee v \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 \u2013 chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b\/oblasti\u201c bylo p\u0159\u00edtomno tak velk\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 vojsko. Ml\u010den\u00ed hlavn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed o p\u0159edchoz\u00edch vra\u017eedn\u00fdm v\u00fdpadech Muslim\u016f z \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti\u201c umo\u017enilo dr\u017eet se rychle ustanoven\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu \u201epl\u00e1novan\u00e9 genocidy\u201c a nevysv\u011btliteln\u00e9 surovosti, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e pomsty, kterou m\u00e9dia umo\u017enila t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ospravedlnit v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy n\u00e1sil\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bli \u201ehodn\u00e9\u201c ob\u011bti (nap\u0159. kosov\u0161t\u00ed Alb\u00e1nci vyh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed a zab\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed Srby a R\u00f3my po obsazen\u00ed Kosova organizac\u00ed NATO).<\/p>\n
Druh\u00fd prvek kontextu byla mo\u017en\u00e1 politick\u00e1 v\u00fdhodnost kapitulace Srebrenice. Od obrany m\u011bsta bylo na pokyn muslimsk\u00e9ho veden\u00ed \u00famysln\u011b upu\u0161t\u011bno, i kdy\u017e se nach\u00e1zelo v dobr\u00e9m obrann\u00e9m postaven\u00ed a muslimsk\u00e9 s\u00edly p\u0159e\u010d\u00edslovaly \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00ed Srby (BSA) pom\u011brem 6-1 \u010di 8-1. Velitel\u00e9 byli toti\u017e p\u0159ed \u00fatokem rychle odveleni z m\u011bsta na p\u0159\u00edkaz nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho muslimsk\u00e9ho veden\u00ed. (34) To zp\u016fsobilo nechr\u00e1n\u011bnou populaci a u\u010dinilo kostru muslimsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy (BMA) zranitelnou, kdy\u017e bez velitel\u016f v chaosu (sp\u00ed\u0161e \u00faprku) ustupovala k muslimsk\u00fdm lini\u00edm. Mohl to b\u00fdt dal\u0161\u00ed sebeob\u011btuj\u00edc\u00ed man\u00e9vr veden\u00ed k produkci ob\u011bt\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 navr\u017een kv\u016fli spln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edle – Clintonova po\u017eadavku 5.000 ob\u011bt\u00ed, aby p\u0159im\u011bl NATO zas\u00e1hnout? Takov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky v m\u00e9di\u00edch hlavn\u00edho proudu nebyly nikdy vzneseny.<\/p>\n
Srebrenick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti m\u011bly mno\u017estv\u00ed rys\u016f, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enily tvrzen\u00ed o popraven\u00fdch 8.000 \u201emu\u017e\u00edch a chlapc\u00edch\u201c. Jedn\u00edm byl zmatek a nejistota ohledn\u011b osudu prchaj\u00edc\u00edch voj\u00e1k\u016f BMA, z nich\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed dos\u00e1hli bezpe\u010dn\u011b Tuzly, dal\u0161\u00ed byli zabiti v boji a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed byli zajati. \u010c\u00edslo 8.000 bylo poprv\u00e9 poskytnuto \u010cerven\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem na z\u00e1klad\u011b hrub\u00e9ho odhadu, \u017ee BSA zajala 3.000 mu\u017e\u016f a 5.000 bylo ohl\u00e1\u0161eno jako \u201echyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c. (35) Je dob\u0159e prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee tis\u00edce t\u011bchto \u201echyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch\u201c dos\u00e1hly Tuzly, nebo byly zabity v boj\u00edch, (36) ale v ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed horlivost nal\u00e9zt srbsk\u00e9 zlo a muslimsk\u00e9 ob\u011bti, byly ohledn\u011b poh\u0159e\u0161ovan\u00fdch ignorov\u00e1ny podklady pro \u201edos\u00e1hl bezpe\u010d\u00ed\/zabit v akci\u201c a poh\u0159e\u0161ovan\u00ed byli br\u00e1ni jako popraven\u00ed! Tento klamn\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br pomohla<\/p>\n
podpo\u0159it zm\u00ednka \u010cerven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, \u017ee 5.000 \u201ejednodu\u0161e zmizelo\u201c a jeho opomenut\u00ed opravit toto politicky vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed, i kdy\u017e s\u00e1m pozd\u011bji p\u0159ipustil, \u017ee \u201en\u011bkolik tis\u00edc uprchl\u00edk\u016f dos\u00e1hlo centr\u00e1ln\u00ed Bosny.\u201c (37)<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00edm pomocn\u00fdm aspektem bylo odm\u00edtnut\u00ed bosensko-muslimsk\u00e9ho veden\u00ed poskytnout jm\u00e9na a po\u010dty t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed dos\u00e1hli bezpe\u010d\u00ed. (38) D\u00e1le zde tak\u00e9 ale tak\u00e9 byla n\u00e1padn\u00e1 p\u0159ipravenost z\u00e1padn\u00edch instituc\u00ed nejen ignorovat ty, co dos\u00e1hli bezpe\u010d\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 nez\u00e1jem o \u00famrt\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 v boji a bran\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch t\u011bl jako d\u016fkaz poprav. V\u016fle v\u011b\u0159it byla bez omezen\u00ed: zpravodaj David Rohde spat\u0159il tr\u010d\u00edc\u00ed kost na m\u00edst\u011b hrobu pobl\u00ed\u017e Srebrenice, o kter\u00e9m instinktivn\u011b v\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee je poz\u016fstatkem poprav a v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm d\u016fkazem \u201emasakru.\u201c (39) M\u00e9dia zcela b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyvozovala z nedok\u00e1zan\u00fdch tvrzen\u00ed o chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch tis\u00edc\u00edch, \u010di odkr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bl padl\u00fdch z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee tvrzen\u00ed o 8.000 popraven\u00fdch bylo t\u00edmto\/takto demonstrov\u00e1no. (40)<\/p>\n
P\u0159i 8.000 popraven\u00fdch a tis\u00edc\u00edch zabit\u00fdch v boji by tam musela b\u00fdt obrovsk\u00e1 poh\u0159ebn\u00ed m\u00edsta a satelitn\u00ed d\u016fkazy poprav, poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed\/zakop\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010di n\u011bjak\u00e9ho odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bl. Jenom\u017ee hled\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bl v bl\u00edzkosti Srebrenice bolestn\u011b zklamalo, krom\u011b n\u011bco kolem 2.000 t\u011bl nalezen\u00fdch p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumech b\u011bhem roku 1999, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed t\u011bla zabit\u00fdch v akci a mo\u017en\u00e1 t\u011bla Srb\u016f, n\u011bkter\u00e1 z doby p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed \u010dervenci 1995. Velk\u00fd rozptyl a nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nelezen\u00fdch t\u011bl vedlo k tvrzen\u00edm o odstran\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bl a jejich p\u0159e-poh\u0159ben\u00ed, jenom\u017ee toto bylo singul\u00e1rn\u011b nep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9, proto\u017ee bosen\u0161t\u00ed Srbov\u00e9 byli po \u010dervenci 1995 pod velk\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm tlakem. B\u011bhem tohoto obdob\u00ed NATO bombardovalo srbsk\u00e9 pozice a chorvatsk\u00e9 a muslimsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy se hnaly na Banja Luku. BSA byla v defenz\u00edv\u011b a m\u011bla extr\u00e9mn\u00ed nedostatek vybaven\u00ed a prost\u0159edk\u016f v\u010detn\u011b pohonn\u00fdch hmot. Zah\u00e1jen\u00ed akce po\u017eadovan\u00e9 velikosti – exhumac\u00ed, p\u0159epravy a p\u0159e-poh\u0159ben\u00ed tis\u00edc\u016f t\u011bl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b daleko p\u0159esahovalo mo\u017enosti BSA. D\u00e1le mohli b\u011bhem tak velk\u00e9 akce jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed doufat, \u017ee by unikla pozornosti pozorovatel\u016f OSCE, m\u00edstn\u00edch civilist\u016f a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed ze satelitn\u00edch dru\u017eic.<\/p>\n
Madeleine Albrightov\u00e1 uk\u00e1zala 10.srpna 1995 na uzav\u0159en\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed RB OSN jako sou\u010d\u00e1st ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 ob\u017ealoby bosensk\u00fdch Srb\u016f jak\u00e9si satelitn\u00ed sn\u00edmky, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed fotografii ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed lidi \u2013 \u00fadajn\u011b bosensk\u00e9 Muslimy pobl\u00ed\u017e Srebrenice – shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 na stadionu – a dal\u0161\u00ed fotografii \u00fadajn\u011b po\u0159\u00edzenou kr\u00e1tce pot\u00e9 a ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed bl\u00edzk\u00e9 pole s \u201enaru\u0161enou\u201c p\u016fdou. Tyto sn\u00edmky nebyly nikdy zve\u0159ejn\u011bny, ale i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee by byly opravdov\u00e9, neukazuj\u00ed ani popravy, ani poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bl. D\u00e1le, i kdy\u017e ICTY mluv\u00ed o \u201eorganizovan\u00e9m a v\u0161eobecn\u00e9m \u00fasil\u00ed\u201c skr\u00fdt t\u011bla, a novin\u00e1\u0159 David Rohde proklamoval \u201eobrovsk\u00e9 srbsk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed skr\u00fdt t\u011bla,\u201c (41) tak ani Albrightov\u00e1, ani nikdo jin\u00fd neuk\u00e1zal satelitn\u00ed sn\u00edmky lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed by byli zrovna popravov\u00e1ni, zahrab\u00e1v\u00e1ni, vyhrab\u00e1v\u00e1ni, p\u0159em\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1ni, \u010di sn\u00edmky kamion\u016f dopravuj\u00edc\u00edch tis\u00edce t\u011bl na jin\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Tato absence d\u016fkaz\u016f z\u016fstala i p\u0159es upozorn\u011bn\u00ed Albrightov\u00e9 \u201ebudeme to sledovat\u201c a p\u0159es p\u0159\u00edtomnost satelit\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159el\u00e9t\u00e1valy nejm\u00e9n\u011b osmkr\u00e1t denn\u011b a geostacion\u00e1rn\u00edch dru\u017eic se st\u00e1l\u00fdm postaven\u00edm a schopn\u00fdch d\u011blat velmi jemn\u00e9 a detailn\u00ed sn\u00edmky v pozici nad Bosnou v l\u00e9t\u011b 1995. (42) M\u00e9dia hlavn\u00edho proudu neshledala na tomto selh\u00e1n\u00ed v ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nic zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n
V Tuzle bylo shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed t\u011bl, n\u011bco kolem 7.500 nebo v\u00edce, mnoh\u00e1 ve \u0161patn\u00e9m stavu, nebo pouze jejich \u010d\u00e1sti. Jejich shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s nimi je v rozporu s profesion\u00e1ln\u00edmi soudn\u00edmi z\u00e1sadami (\u201eforensic standards\u201c), jejich p\u016fvod je nejasn\u00fd, spojen\u00ed s \u010dervencem 1995 neprok\u00e1zan\u00e9 a \u010dasto nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, (43) a zp\u016fsob smrti obvykle nejist\u00fd. Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee a\u010dkoliv byli neust\u00e1le Srbov\u00e9 obvi\u0148ov\u00e1ni ze snahy ukr\u00fdvat t\u011bla, tak nebyla nikdy \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00ednka k tomu, \u017ee Muslimov\u00e9, je\u017e se u\u017e dlouho zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed hled\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bl, mohou t\u011bla p\u0159emis\u0165ovat a tak manipulovat s d\u016fkazy, navzdory jejich zna\u010dn\u00e9mu z\u00e1jmu simulovat a sou\u010dasn\u011b zatajovat sv\u00e9 zlo\u010diny a tud\u00ed\u017e srbsk\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9, aby zachovali sv\u016fj obraz ob\u011bt\u00ed. Prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed systematick\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt testy DNA k vystopov\u00e1n\u00ed spojen\u00ed se Srebrenic\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed ale spoustu probl\u00e9m\u016f, nehled\u011b na poctiv\u00e9 studium materi\u00e1lu a proces vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, a nevy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m rozli\u0161en\u00ed \u00famrt\u00ed p\u0159i poprav\u011b, nebo boji. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 seznamy poh\u0159e\u0161ovan\u00fdch, ale tyto seznamy jsou velmi \u0161patn\u00e9. Obsahuj\u00ed duplikace, jednotlivce zem\u0159el\u00e9 u\u017e p\u0159ed \u010dervencem 1995, uprchl\u00e9 za \u00fa\u010delem uniknut\u00ed slu\u017eby v BSA (bosensko-muslimsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da), nebo osoby, kter\u00e9 se zaregistrovaly v roce 1997 k volb\u00e1m. D\u00e1le zahrnuj\u00ed jednotlivce, kte\u0159\u00ed zahynuli v bitv\u011b, nebo dos\u00e1hli bezpe\u010d\u00ed, nebo byli zajati a p\u0159ijali nov\u00fd \u017eivot n\u011bkde jinde. (44)<\/p>\n
\u010c\u00edslo 8.000 tak\u00e9 nesouhlas\u00ed se z\u00e1kladn\u00ed aritmetikou po\u010dt\u016f lid\u00ed ve Srebrenici p\u0159ed a po \u010dervenci 1995. Vys\u00eddlenci ze Srebrenice \u2013 toti\u017e p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00ed masakru \u2013 zaregistrovan\u00ed u Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace a bosensk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy na za\u010d\u00e1tku srpna 1995, tvo\u0159\u00ed po\u010det 35.632 lid\u00ed. Po\u010det muslimsk\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed dos\u00e1hli muslimsk\u00fdch lini\u00ed \u201ebez informov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich rodin\u201c byl nejm\u00e9n\u011b 2.000, a asi 2.000 jich lid\u00ed bylo zabito v boji. To n\u00e1m d\u00e1v\u00e1 37.632 p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch, plus 2.000 zem\u0159el\u00fdch v bitv\u011b, co\u017e by po p\u0159ipo\u010dten\u00ed 8.000 popraven\u00fdch znamenalo p\u0159edv\u00e1le\u010dnou populaci 47.000. Jenom\u017ee p\u0159edv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 populace Srebrenice byla p\u0159ed \u010dervencem p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b n\u011bco mezi 37.000 a 40.000 lid\u00ed (soudkyn\u011b tribun\u00e1lu Patricia Waldov\u00e1 poskytla odhad 37.000 lid\u00ed) Sou\u010dty zjevn\u011b naprosto nesouhlas\u00ed. (45)<\/p>\n
Existuj\u00ed sv\u011bdci zab\u00edjen\u00ed ve Srebrenici, nebo ti, co to o sob\u011b tvrd\u00ed. Sv\u011bdectv\u00ed nen\u00ed mnoho a n\u011bkter\u00e1 byla politicky p\u0159iost\u0159en\u00e1\/p\u0159ibrou\u0161en\u00e1 (\u201ea political axe to grind\u201c?), nebo jinak ned\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e1, (46) ale n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed sv\u011bdci byli v\u011brohodn\u00ed a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b hovo\u0159ili o skute\u010dn\u011b o\u0161kliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech. Mluv\u00edme zde ale o d\u016fkazech stovek poprav, nikoliv o po\u010dtu 8.000, nebo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m podobn\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle. Jedin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o poprav\u00e1ch tis\u00edce mu\u017e\u016f poch\u00e1z\u00ed od etnick\u00e9ho Chorvata Drazena Erdemovi\u010de. Tento \u010dlov\u011bk pat\u0159il k jednotce zabij\u00e1ck\u00fdch \u017eold\u00e1k\u016f, jej\u00ed\u017e \u010dlenov\u00e9 (jak uvedl s\u00e1m Erdemovi\u010d) dostali za svou pr\u00e1ci v Bosn\u011b 12 kilogram\u016f zlata a skon\u010dili pr\u00e1ci v Kongu v zastoupen\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9 tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Jeho sv\u011bdectv\u00ed bylo akceptov\u00e1no p\u0159es svou v\u00e1gnost i rozpory, nedostatek doklad\u016f a jeho psychick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch k jeho vylou\u010den\u00ed z procesu \u2013 ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 nevylu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edho ho ze sv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed p\u0159ed tribun\u00e1lem. Erdemovi\u010d byl tak\u00e9 b\u011bhem dvout\u00fddenn\u00edho sv\u011bdectv\u00ed osvobozen od takzvan\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9ho v\u00fdslechu. Tento a dal\u0161\u00ed sv\u011bdeck\u00fd d\u016fkaz utrp\u011bl v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm nedostatkem, kdy\u017e byla pou\u017eita metoda \u201eplea-bargaining\u201c (n\u011bco jako \u201ev\u00fdm\u011bnn\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed\u201c), kdy mohli \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci procesu dos\u00e1hnout podstatn\u00e9ho zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed trestu, pokud dostate\u010dn\u011b spolupracovali s ob\u017ealobou, jak to bylo pro ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed verzi pot\u0159eba. (47)<\/p>\n
Stoj\u00ed za pov\u0161imnut\u00ed, kolik relativn\u011b nezaujat\u00fdch pozorovatel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se v \u010dervenci 1995 pohybovali ve m\u011bst\u011b, nebo jeho okol\u00ed, nevid\u011blo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz masakr\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b holandsk\u00fdch sil p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch v \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti\u201c a lid\u00ed jako Henry Wieland, kter\u00fd byl hlavn\u00edm vy\u0161et\u0159ovatelem OSN na obvin\u011bn\u00ed z \u00fadajn\u00e9ho poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Kdy\u017e se Wieland cel\u00fdch p\u011bt dn\u016f dotazoval mezi 20.000 p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edmi uprchl\u00edky ze Srebrenice ve sb\u011brn\u00e9m t\u00e1bo\u0159e u leti\u0161t\u011b v Tuzle, nenalezl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 sv\u011bdky krutost\u00ed. (48)<\/p>\n
Prvn\u00ed anom\u00e1lie spojen\u00e1 se Srebrenic\u00ed je stabilita \u010d\u00edsla 8.000 muslimsk\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed v \u010dervenci 1995 a 8.000 nyn\u00ed. \u010c\u00edslo je neust\u00e1le stejn\u00e9 i p\u0159es velmi hrub\u00fd po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed odhad a d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee mnoz\u00ed, \u010di v\u011bt\u0161ina z 5.000 \u201echyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch\u201c dos\u00e1hli muslimsk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, nebo byli zabiti p\u0159i boji a jasn\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed podat pevn\u00fd fyzick\u00fd d\u016fkaz i p\u0159es zjevn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed. Ve v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech \u2013 od atent\u00e1t\u016f na WTC 9\/11, stejn\u011b jako celkov\u00fd po\u010det mrtv\u00fdch v Bosn\u011b, \u010di mrtv\u00fdch v Kosovu \u2013 byly po\u010dty mrtv\u00fdch radik\u00e1ln\u011b zredukov\u00e1ny, kdy\u017e pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u00ed propagandistick\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla u\u017e nemohou b\u00fdt obhajiteln\u00e1. (49)<\/p>\n
Jenom\u017ee z d\u016fvodu kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 role pro Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, bosensk\u00e9 Muslimy a Chorvaty a tak\u00e9 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 v\u00edry v toto obvin\u011bn\u00ed\/tvrzen\u00ed, je Srebrenica v\u016f\u010di d\u016fkaz\u016fm imunn\u00ed. Od za\u010d\u00e1tku a\u017e dodnes je \u010d\u00edslo bran\u00e9 jako dan\u00e9 a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pravda. N\u011bjak\u00e9 dotazy potom mohou vypadat jako nedostatek v\u00edry a nejsp\u00ed\u0161e jako \u201eomlouv\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c d\u00e9mona.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed anom\u00e1li\u00ed, kter\u00e1 tak\u00e9 ukazuje na posv\u00e1tnost, nedotknutelnost a zpolitizovan\u00fd charakter masakru v z\u00e1padn\u00ed ideologii, je pr\u00e1v\u011b ozna\u010den\u00ed zab\u00edjen\u00ed za \u201egenocidu.\u201c Zde sehr\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eitou roli haagsk\u00fd tribun\u00e1l s jeho t\u011b\u017eko porovnatelnou d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost\u00ed, p\u0159ehnanou\/nezdr\u017eenlivou psychologizac\u00ed a nekompetentn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00favahou, kterou soudci pou\u017eili pouze na p\u0159\u00edpady souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se Srby. Jeden ze soudc\u016f tribun\u00e1lu v d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ivosti akceptoval jako fakt tvrzen\u00ed sv\u011bdka, \u017ee srb\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci nutili star\u00e9ho Muslima poj\u00eddat j\u00e1tra vlastn\u00edho vnuka (50); soudci opakovan\u011b uvedli jako stanovenou skute\u010dnost, \u017ee bylo popraveno 7-8,000 muslimsk\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f, zat\u00edmco sou\u010dasn\u011b uznali\/potvrdili , \u017ee d\u016fkaz pouze \u201enazna\u010duje\u201c, \u017ee \u201ev\u011bt\u0161ina\u201c 7-8,000 chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch nezahynula v bitv\u011b, co\u017e d\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010d\u00edslo zna\u010dn\u011b podstatn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e 7-8,000. (51)<\/p>\n
Tribun\u00e1l vy\u0159e\u0161il nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd probl\u00e9m, kdy Srbov\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u201egenocidu\u201c odv\u00e1\u017eeli autobusy muslimsk\u00e9 \u017eeny, d\u011bti a star\u00e9 lidi do bezpe\u010d\u00ed na muslimsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee tak \u00fadajn\u011b Srbov\u00e9 \u010dinili z propaga\u010dn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f, ale jak poukazuje Michael Mandel, selh\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho krimin\u00e1ln\u00edho \u010dinu navzdory va\u0161\u00ed touze se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201enesp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed zlo\u010dinu.\u201c (52)<\/p>\n
Tribun\u00e1l si nikdy nepolo\u017eil ot\u00e1zku, pro\u010d genocidn\u00ed Srbov\u00e9 selhali p\u0159i obkl\u00ed\u010den\u00ed m\u011bsta p\u0159ed jeho obsazen\u00edm, aby tak p\u0159ede\u0161li \u00faniku tis\u00edc\u016f mu\u017e\u016f do bezpe\u010d\u00ed, nebo pro\u010d byli bosensko-muslim\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci ochotn\u00ed opustit sv\u00e9 \u017eeny a d\u011bti a tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik zran\u011bn\u00fdch druh\u016f a vydat je na milost a nemilost Srb\u016fm; (53) soudci tak\u00e9 nedok\u00e1zali \u010delit skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee 10.000 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b muslimsk\u00fdch obyvatel Zvorniku vyhledalo \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lkou v samotn\u00e9m Srbsku, jak dosv\u011bd\u010dil sv\u011bdek ob\u017ealoby Borislav Jovi\u010d. (54)<\/p>\n
Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed idiotismy v argumentaci soudc\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed usnesen\u00ed, \u017ee je genocidou, pokud zabijete mnoho mu\u017e\u016f z jedn\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed skupiny, za \u00fa\u010delem redukce budouc\u00ed populace t\u00e9to skupiny. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, mohli byste je zab\u00edt za \u00fa\u010delem toho, aby v\u00e1s oni nezabili v budoucnosti, ale soud zn\u00e1 psychologii Srb\u016f l\u00e9pe \u2013 to nemohl b\u00fdt jedin\u00fd d\u016fvod, tam mus\u00ed b\u00fdt n\u011bjak\u00fd zlov\u011bstn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011br. \u00davaha\/dedukce tribun\u00e1lu up\u0159ednost\u0148uje mo\u017enost, podle kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 s mal\u00fdm p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00edm sp\u0159\u00e1telen\u00e9 soudn\u00ed psychologie ozna\u010dit za genocidu jak\u00fdkoliv p\u0159\u00edpad zabit\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n
Je tu tak\u00e9 probl\u00e9m vymezen\u00ed\/v\u00fdkladu skupiny. Pokou\u0161eli se Srbov\u00e9 odstranit v\u0161echny Muslimy v Bosn\u011b, nebo Muslimy glob\u00e1ln\u011b? Nebo jen ve Srebrenici? Soudci navrhli, \u017ee u\u017e jejich samotn\u00e9 vytla\u010den\u00ed ze Srebrenice bylo genocidou a nezbytn\u011b ztoto\u017enili genocidu s etnickou \u010distkou. (55) Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee ICTY nikdy nenazval \u201egenocidou\u201c etnickou \u010distku sp\u00e1chanou na 250.000 krajinsk\u00fdch Srbech, i kdy\u017e v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bylo zabito mnoho \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed a etnick\u00e1 o\u010dista zabrala mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed oblast a v\u00edce ob\u011bt\u00ed v populaci, ne\u017eli ve Srebrenici. (56)<\/p>\n
(10.srpna 1995 vyk\u0159ikovala Madeleine Albrightov\u00e1 v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti OSN, \u017ee \u201ev\u00edce ne\u017e 13,000 mu\u017e\u016f, \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed bylo vyhn\u00e1no ze sv\u00fdch domov\u016f\u201c ve Srebrenici). (57) Mo\u017en\u00e1 ICTY v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Krajiny akceptoval komick\u00e9 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed americk\u00e9ho diplomata Richarda Holbrooka, kter\u00fd vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed 250.000 tamn\u00edch Srb\u016f ozna\u010dil jako p\u0159\u00edpad \u201ene\u00famysln\u00e9ho vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c (58) Zaujatost je nestoudn\u00e1 a do nebe volaj\u00edc\u00ed; politizace \u00fadajn\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed je extr\u00e9mn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Medi\u00e1ln\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se Srebrenic\u00ed a Krajinou \u2013 dv\u011bma p\u0159\u00edpady podobn\u00e9ho vzoru \u2013 n\u00e1m dob\u0159e ilustruje, jak m\u00e9dia d\u011blaj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 ob\u011bti hodnotn\u00e9 a jin\u00e9 hanebn\u00e9 ve shod\u011b s politick\u00fdm programem. Rozd\u00edl v medi\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu ke Krajin\u011b a Srebrenici je obrovsk\u00fd. Pozornost v\u011bnovan\u00e1 Krajin\u011b byla nepatrn\u00e1 a pom\u00edjiv\u00e1, chyb\u011blo rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed, detailn\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed o po\u010dtu ob\u011bt\u00ed bylo minim\u00e1ln\u00ed, popisn\u00fd jazyk byl neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed, aby nebylo mo\u017eno pochopit souvislosti. Kontrast ve v\u00fdrazech je tak ohromn\u00fd, a\u017e je sm\u011b\u0161n\u00fd: v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u00fatoku na Srebrenicu byla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na slova jako \u201emraziv\u00fd,\u201c \u201evra\u017eedn\u00fd,\u201c \u201edivok\u00fd,\u201c \u201echladnokrevn\u00e9 zab\u00edjen\u00ed\u201c, \u201egenocidn\u00ed\u201c, \u201eagrese\u201c a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u201eetnick\u00e1 \u010distka\u201c. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Krajiny m\u00e9dia \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 takov\u00e1 siln\u00e1 slova nepou\u017e\u00edvala \u2013 dokonce i v\u00fdraz etnick\u00e1 \u010distka byl pro n\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161. Chorvatsk\u00fd \u00fatok byl tak pouze velk\u00fd \u201esoci\u00e1ln\u00edm ot\u0159esem\u201c, \u201ezdemoralizov\u00e1n\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edtele,\u201c \u201ebleskov\u00fdm \u00fatokem,\u201c bagatelizovan\u00fdm jako \u201eodezva na Srebrenicu,\u201c a v\u00fdsledkem \u201eriskov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c srbsk\u00fdch v\u016fdc\u016f. Washington Post dokonce citoval americk\u00e9ho velvyslance v Chorvatsku Petera Galbraitha \u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc\u00edho, \u017ee \u201esrbsk\u00fd exodus nebyl etnickou \u010distkou.\u201c (59) List v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nep\u0159ipustil vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vlastn\u00edho \u00fasudku.<\/p>\n
Jenom\u017ee ve skute\u010dnosti za sebou chorvatsk\u00e1 operace v Krajin\u011b zanechala nejv\u00edce etnicky o\u010di\u0161t\u011bnou oblast ze v\u0161ech \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vie, i kdy\u017e okupace Kosova vojsky NATO umo\u017enila alb\u00e1nsk\u00e9 etnick\u00e9 \u010distky, kter\u00e9 mohou s t\u011bmi chorvatsk\u00fdmi hrd\u011b soupe\u0159it.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed anom\u00e1li\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Srebrenice je nel\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed na p\u0159iveden\u00ed v\u0161ech zlo\u010dinc\u016f (Srb\u016f) k soudu a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ochotn\u00fdch poprav\u010d\u00edch (Srb\u016f) p\u0159izn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch ochotn\u011b vinu p\u0159esn\u011b podle \u0161ablony justice a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed toho spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho obrazu. Probl\u00e9mem je to, \u017ee spravedlnost nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jednostrann\u00e1, jinak p\u0159estane b\u00fdt spravedlnost\u00ed a uk\u00e1\u017ee skute\u010dnou tv\u00e1\u0159, kterou je pomsta, stejn\u011b jako zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed jin\u00fdch politick\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f. Etnick\u00e1 o\u010dista v Bosn\u011b nebyla v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jednostrann\u00e1 a \u00famrt\u00ed podle n\u00e1rodnosti nebyla daleko od \u00fam\u011brnosti populace; (60) Srbov\u00e9 hl\u00e1sili a \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b zdokumentovali tis\u00edce \u00famrt\u00ed rukama bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f a jejich dovezen\u00fdch mud\u017eahed\u00ednsk\u00fdch k\u00e1dr\u016f, a tak\u00e9 Chorvat\u016f, a tak\u00e9 maj\u00ed svou vlastn\u00ed skupinu, kter\u00e1 se sna\u017e\u00ed zkoumat a identifikovat t\u011bla z v\u00edce ne\u017e 73 hromadn\u00fdch hrob\u016f. (61) Tyto ob\u011bti byly st\u011b\u017e\u00ed pov\u0161imnuty z\u00e1padn\u00edmi m\u00e9dii nebo ICTY \u2013 v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fd jugosl\u00e1vsk\u00fd soudn\u00ed expert Dr. Zoran Stankovic pozoroval ji\u017e v roce 1996, \u017ee \u201eskute\u010dnost, \u017ee jeho t\u00fdm p\u0159edt\u00edm identifikoval t\u011bla 1,000 bosensk\u00fdch Srb\u016f (v oblasti Srebrenica), nezaujala \u017ealobce Richarda Goldstoneho. (62) \u201em\u00edsto toho byla b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o srbsk\u00e9 tendenci k\u0148u\u010det, zat\u00edmco st\u00ed\u017enosti bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f byly vzaty jako st\u00ed\u017enosti t\u011bch skute\u010dn\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed a nebyly nikdy ozna\u010deny za k\u0148u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Stabiln\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na srebrenick\u00e9 ob\u011bti a zabij\u00e1ky pouze zesiluje nen\u00e1vist a nacionalismus a stejn\u011b jako obnoven\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed a nen\u00e1vist v Kosovu ukazuje, \u017ee Clintonovy v\u00fdroky o tolerantn\u00edm multietnick\u00e9m Kosovu byly podvodem. V Kosovu rozpoutala jednostrann\u00e1 propaganda a vliv NATO v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 a vytrval\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 proti Srb\u016fm, R\u00f3m\u016fm, Turk\u016fm a disidentsk\u00fdm Alb\u00e1nc\u016fm. \u010cinitel\u00e9 NATO podpo\u0159ili toto hr\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee se ochotn\u011b tv\u00e1\u0159ili (a tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed) jako spojenci – \u00fadajn\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed \u2013 berouc\u00edch pomstu do sv\u00fdch rukou a nech\u00e1vaj\u00ed je se zab\u00fdvat sv\u00fdm dlouhodob\u00fdm c\u00edlem etnick\u00e9ho vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Kosova. (63)<\/p>\n
V Bosn\u011b a Srbsku jsou Srbov\u00e9 vystaveni neust\u00e1l\u00fdm atak\u016fm, poni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a jejich v\u016fdci a vojensk\u00fd person\u00e1l trest\u00e1ni, zat\u00edmco zlo\u010dinci mezi bosensk\u00fdmi Muslimy, Chorvaty a silami NATO (Clinton, Blair, Albrightov\u00e1, Holbrooke) neodpyk\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 tresty (64) a mohou b\u00fdt dokonce zobrazov\u00e1ni jako vykonavatel\u00e9 spravedlnosti (Clinton a jin\u00ed).<\/p>\n
Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee tlak na odplatu nen\u00ed spravedlnost ani sm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 m\u00e1 pouze sjednotit a pos\u00edlit pozici bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f, rozdrtit Republiku Srbskou, mo\u017en\u00e1 j\u00ed dokonce jako nez\u00e1vislou entitu v Bosn\u011b zcela vylou\u010dit, udr\u017eovat Srbsko zmaten\u00e9, slab\u00e9 a z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na Z\u00e1padu a pokra\u010dovat v d\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho sv\u011btla dal\u0161\u00edm \u00fatok\u016fm USA a NATO p\u0159i rozmontov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed Jugosl\u00e1vie. Posledn\u00edm c\u00edlem je vy\u017eadovan\u00e9 odklon\u011bn\u00ed pozornosti od Clintonovy a tak\u00e9 od role bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f v podpo\u0159e al-Kaidy na Balk\u00e1n\u011b. Izetbegovi\u010dova bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho spojenectv\u00ed s Us\u00e1mou bin L\u00e1dinem, jeho isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 deklarace deklaruj\u00edc\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed k multietnick\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu, (65) dovezen\u00ed 4.000 mud\u017e\u00e1hid\u016f k bojov\u00e1n\u00ed ve svat\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v Bosn\u011b s aktivn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed Clintonovy administrativy a kone\u010dn\u011b spojen\u00ed UCK a Al-Kaidy.<\/p>\n
Tyto vedlej\u0161\u00ed str\u00e1nky bosensk\u00fdch Muslim\u016f byly pro v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 propagandisty v\u017edy velmi nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9. Je\u0161t\u011b nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed se ale tyto aspekty staly po 11.z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001, kdy do\u0161lo k \u00fatok\u016fm na WTC. Zpr\u00e1va americk\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed komise toti\u017e uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee dva z 19 \u00fanosc\u016f, Nawaf al Hazmi a Khalid al Mihdhar \u201ebojovali\u201c v Bosn\u011b, a \u017ee bin Ladin m\u011bl v Z\u00e1h\u0159ebu a Sarajevu \u201eslu\u017eebn\u00ed\u201c kancel\u00e1\u0159e. (66) I p\u0159es obrovsk\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pozornosti na atent\u00e1ty 11.z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed (9\/11) a s nimi spojovanou Al-Kaidu nebyla tato spojen\u00ed v m\u00e9di\u00edch hlavn\u00edho proudu uvedena a nijak neovlivnila bosensk\u00e9ho m\u00edstodr\u017e\u00edc\u00edho Paddyho Ashdowna, kter\u00fd se \u00fa\u010dastnil poh\u0159bu Aliji Izetbegovi\u010de a pokra\u010duje v prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed bosensko-muslimsk\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f. (Ashdown skon\u010dil ve funkci na konci roku 2005, pozn. Mess) Srbov\u00e9 si samoz\u0159ejm\u011b st\u011b\u017eovali na mud\u017eahed\u00ednskou brutalitu (\u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed hlav) v roce 1993, ale m\u00e9dia a ICTY se o to nezaj\u00edmali a z\u016fstali lhostejn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Poj\u010fme se bl\u00ed\u017ee pod\u00edvat na Srebrenici, bosensk\u00e9 Muslimy jako jedin\u00e9 ob\u011bti a opo\u017ed\u011bnou velkorysost Clintona a Z\u00e1padu, kte\u0159\u00ed t\u011bmto ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fdm pora\u017een\u00fdm pomohli.<\/p>\n
Copak se Srbov\u00e9 \u201enep\u0159iznali\u201c, \u017ee zavra\u017edili 8.000 civilist\u016f? Tak to bylo br\u00e1no v z\u00e1padn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00edch, co\u017e znovu ukazuje jejich pod\u0159\u00edzenost politick\u00e9mu programu jejich v\u016fdc\u016f. Bosen\u0161t\u00ed Srbov\u00e9 dokonce vydali zpr\u00e1vu o Srebrenici v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2002, (67), ale tato zpr\u00e1va byla odm\u00edtnuta Paddy Ashdownem, proto\u017ee nep\u0159inesla ty \u201espr\u00e1vn\u00e9\u201c z\u00e1v\u011bry. Obrovsk\u00fdm n\u00e1tlakem a zastra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u0159ady bosensko-srbsk\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u016f i samotn\u00e9 \u201evl\u00e1dy\u201c Republiky Srbsk\u00e9 v Bosn\u011b si Ashdown vynutil vyhotoven\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy dal\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e1 u\u017e vyhovovala ofici\u00e1ln\u011b schv\u00e1len\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm. (68) Tato zpr\u00e1va, vydan\u00e1 11.\u010dervna 2004, byla pak uv\u00edt\u00e1na v hlavn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00edch jako v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed linie \u2013 refr\u00e9n byl tento \u2013 bosen\u0161t\u00ed Srbov\u00e9 \u201ep\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed\u201c masakr, co\u017e m\u011blo kone\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161it v\u0161echny ot\u00e1zky. Z\u00e1bavn\u00e9 je to, \u017ee ani tato na\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 a vynucen\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va se nep\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eila k p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed k 8.000 poprav (mluv\u00ed o \u201en\u011bkolika tis\u00edc\u00edch\u201c poprav). Jak cel\u00e1 tato epizoda \u201eprokazuje\u201c, z\u00e1padn\u00ed kampa\u0148 proti pora\u017een\u00e9mu a plaz\u00edc\u00edmu se Srbsku p\u0159esto nekon\u010d\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako medi\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ivost a jejich slu\u017eba propagand\u011b.<\/p>\n
\u201eSrebrenick\u00fd masakr\u201c je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed triumf propagandy vytvo\u0159en\u00fd za balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Jin\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed a naprost\u00e9 l\u017ei sehr\u00e1ly v balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch konfliktech sv\u00e9 role, ale zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 si ponechaly sv\u00e9 skromn\u00e9 m\u00edsto v propagandistick\u00e9m reperto\u00e1ru i p\u0159es protesty (Ra\u010dak, Markale masakr, srbsk\u00e9 odm\u00edtnut\u00ed vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v Rambouillet, 250.000 mrtv\u00fdch v Bosn\u011b, c\u00edl \u201evelk\u00e9ho Srbska\u201c jako hybn\u00e9 s\u00edly balk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek), (69) tak srebrenick\u00fd masakr kraluje nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed symbolickou silou. Je symbolem srbsk\u00e9ho zla a bosensko-muslimsk\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed, opr\u00e1vn\u011bnosti z\u00e1padn\u00edho rozebr\u00e1n\u00ed Jugosl\u00e1vie a z\u00e1sah\u016f na mnoha \u00farovn\u00edch, v\u010detn\u011b bombardovac\u00ed v\u00e1lky a koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch okupac\u00ed Bosny-Hercegoviny a Kosova.<\/p>\n
Ale spojen\u00ed tohoto propagandistick\u00e9ho triumfu s pravdou neexistuje. Odlou\u010den\u00ed od pravdy zt\u011bles\u0148uje skute\u010dnost, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u00ed odhad 8.000, v\u010detn\u011b 5.000 \u201echyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch\u201c \u2013 kte\u0159\u00ed opustili Srebrenici k bosensko-muslimsk\u00fdm pozic\u00edm \u2013 byl udr\u017eov\u00e1n dokonce i pot\u00e9, co bylo rychle prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc z nich dos\u00e1hlo t\u011bchto pozic a n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc z nich zahynulo v bitv\u011b. Tento hezk\u00fd zaokrouhlen\u00fd po\u010det \u017eije dodnes navzdory selh\u00e1n\u00ed nal\u00e9zt popraven\u00e1 t\u011bla a p\u0159es nep\u0159\u00edtomnost jedin\u00e9ho satelitn\u00edho sn\u00edmku ukazuj\u00edc\u00edho popravy, t\u011bla, kop\u00e1n\u00ed nebo kamiony transportuj\u00edc\u00ed t\u011bla k poh\u0159ben\u00ed na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b. M\u00e9dia se v tomto bod\u011b opatrn\u011b zdr\u017eela polo\u017een\u00ed ot\u00e1zek i p\u0159es slib Madeleine Albrightov\u00e9, kter\u00e1 tehdy prohl\u00e1sila \u201ebudeme v\u00e1s sledovat.\u201c<\/p>\n
Tohle Albrightov\u00e9 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed a fotky, kter\u00e9 v t\u00e9 dob\u011b uk\u00e1zala, pomohly odvr\u00e1tit pozornost od pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edho \u201ekrajinsk\u00e9ho masakru\u201c Srb\u016f v chorvatsk\u00e9 Krajin\u011b, procesu etnick\u00e9 \u010distky a ohromn\u00e9 brutality, kter\u00e1 byla \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho rozsahu ne\u017e ve Srebrenici a tak\u00e9 tam bylo m\u00e9n\u011b skute\u010dn\u00fdch boj\u016f, ne\u017e ve Srebrenici. V Krajin\u011b doch\u00e1zelo toti\u017e k zab\u00edjen\u00ed a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed bezbrann\u00fdch civilist\u016f. Ve Srebrenici Srbov\u00e9 naopak p\u0159em\u00edstili \u017eeny a d\u011bti do bezpe\u010d\u00ed a neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee by n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich byly zavra\u017ed\u011bny; (70) zat\u00edmco v Krajin\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 takov\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed nikdo neud\u011blal a odhaduje se, \u017ee bylo zabito a\u017e 368 \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b lid\u00ed tak star\u00fdch a nemohouc\u00edch, \u017ee nemohli p\u0159ed b\u011bsn\u00edc\u00edmi Chorvaty ut\u00e9ci. (71) Jedn\u00edm \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm propagandistick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem \u201esrebrenick\u00e9ho masakru\u201c je mo\u017enost, \u017ee intenzivn\u00ed z\u00e1jem o srebrenick\u00fd masakr poslou\u017eil jako kryt\u00ed pro bezprost\u0159edn\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u201ekrajinsk\u00fd masakr\u201c, podporovan\u00fd Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty, byl mimo pohled a starosti m\u00e9di\u00ed. Srebrenica pomohla m\u00e9di\u00edm s Krajinou. (72)<\/p>\n
M\u00e9dia hr\u00e1la d\u016fle\u017eitou roli p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b propagandistick\u00e9ho triumfu srebrenick\u00e9ho masakru. Jak bylo uvedeno u\u017e d\u0159\u00edve, m\u00e9dia se stala do roku 1991 spolubojovn\u00edkem a v\u0161echny standardy objektivity zmizely p\u0159i napom\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed pro-muslimsk\u00e9mu a proti-srbsk\u00e9m programu. Kdy\u017e americk\u00fd arm\u00e1dn\u00ed podplukovn\u00edk John Sray popisoval zpravodajstv\u00ed Christiany Amanpour a jin\u00fdch zpravodaj\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se bitvy u Gora\u017ede, tak tyto report\u00e1\u017ee popsal jako \u201epostr\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed jak\u00e9koliv zd\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy\u201c, tak\u017ee Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 trp\u011bli \u201evelk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm dezinformac\u00ed.\u201c Podle Johna Sraye \u201enebyli Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 tak \u017ealostn\u011b oklam\u00e1v\u00e1ni od dob vietnamsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky\u201c a v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v Bosn\u011b \u201ebylo vytvo\u0159eno bohatou a plodnou propagandistickou ma\u0161in\u00e9ri\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla veden\u00e1 za \u00fa\u010delem manipulace a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed iluz\u00ed k podpo\u0159e muslimsk\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f.\u201c (73)<\/p>\n
Tato propagandistick\u00e1 ma\u0161in\u00e9rie si podrobila liber\u00e1ly i v\u011bt\u0161inu levice ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, kte\u0159\u00ed spolkli p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o zl\u00e9m srbsk\u00e9m hegemonovi, zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm se ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 brut\u00e1ln\u00ed a genocidn\u00ed strategi\u00ed, rozru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fd multikulturn\u00ed a poklidn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav v Bosn\u011b \u2013 provozovan\u00fd bin L\u00e1dinov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtelem a spojencem Alijou Izetbegovi\u010dem a s n\u00e1pravou opo\u017ed\u011bn\u011b za\u0159\u00edzenou Billem Clintonem, Holbrookem a Albrightovou, \u00fazce spolupracuj\u00edc\u00edmi s \u00cdr\u00e1nem, Tureckem a Saudskou Ar\u00e1bi\u00ed! Levo-liber\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 koalice pot\u0159ebovala naj\u00edt v Srbech d\u00e9mony za \u00fa\u010delem ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed imperi\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed a doc\u00edlili toho akceptov\u00e1n\u00edm a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm sady l\u017e\u00ed a m\u00fdt\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu. (74) Tato propagandistick\u00e1 ofenz\u00edva byla nutn\u00e1, aby pomohla vytvo\u0159it od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed pro \u201ehumanit\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1sah\u201c v Kosovu \u2013 \u00fatoku na Srbsko, kter\u00fd byl veden na podporu Kosovsk\u00e9 osvobozeneck\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy (UCK\/KLA) a fakticky p\u0159ipravil p\u016fdu pro Bushovy budouc\u00ed v\u00e1lky, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 \u201eosvobozovac\u00ed.\u201c (75)<\/p>\n
Srebrenick\u00fd masakr pomohl vytvo\u0159it d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost imperi\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f na Balk\u00e1n\u011b. B\u00fdval\u00fd \u010dinitel OSN Cedric Thornberry napsal v roce 1996, jak zaznamenal, \u201e\u017ee hlavn\u011b v \u010d\u00e1sti mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch liber\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed\u201c je postoj, \u201e\u017ee dareb\u00e1ci jsou pouze Srbov\u00e9\u201c a jak byl d\u0159\u00edve (1993) varov\u00e1n \u00fast\u0159ed\u00edm OSN: \u201eskryj se \u2013 d\u00e1vej si pozor.\u201c (76) D\u00e1vat si pozor znamenalo z\u016fstat p\u011bkn\u011b potichu a st\u00e1t v \u0159ad\u011b ve vztahu k vl\u00e1d\u011b, m\u00e9di\u00edm i tribun\u00e1lu. Takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup umo\u017enil vytvo\u0159it ze Srebrenice symbol zla, a s pomoc\u00ed \u201espravedlnosti\u201c ICTY a tak\u00e9 s pomoc\u00ed liber\u00e1l\u016f poskytl kryt\u00ed pro \u00fatok USA-NATO a rozebr\u00e1n\u00ed Jugosl\u00e1vie, koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed okupaci Bosny a Kosova, a \u201ehumanit\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1sah\u201c v\u0161eobecn\u011b. Co v\u00edc si mohl propagandistick\u00fd syst\u00e9m p\u0159\u00e1t?<\/p>\n
*This paper is partly drawn from and cites chapters in a forthcoming book on the Srerbrenica massacre, Srebrenica: The Politics of War Crimes, written by George Bogdanich, Tim Fenton, Philip Hammond, Edward S. Herman, Michael Mandel, Jonathan Rooper, and George Szamuely. This book is referred to in the notes below as Politics of War Crimes. The author and his colleagues are indebted to Diana Johnstone, David Peterson, Vera Vratusa-Zunjic, Milan Bulajic, Milivoje Ivanisevic, Konstantin Kilibarda, and George Pumphrey for advice. Johnstone\u2019s Fools Crusade is a fine basic statement of an alternative perspective on the Balkan Wars; George Pumphrey\u2019s \u201dSrebrenica: Three Years Later, And Still Searching,\u201d is a classic critique of the establishment Srebrenica massacre narrative and repeatedly hit the target with facts and analyses still not rebutted.<\/p>\n
1. \u201dBosnia: 2 Officials Dismissed for Obstructing Srebrenica Inquiry,\u201d AP Report, New York Times, April 17, 2004; Marlise Simons, \u201cBosnian Serb Leader Taken Before War Crimes Tribunal,\u201d New York Times, April 8, 2000; UN, The Fall of Srebrenica<\/a>(A\/54\/549<\/a>), Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53\/35, November 15, 1999, par. 506 (http:\/\/www.un.org\/News\/ossg\/srebrenica.pdf <\/a>)<\/p>\n 2. See Ivo Pukanic, \u201cUS Role In Storm: Thrilled With Operation Flash, President Clinton Gave the Go Ahead to Operation Storm,\u201d Nacional (Zagreb), May 24, 2005.<\/p>\n 3. Barton Gellman, \u201cThe Path to Crisis: How the United States and Its Allies Went to War,\u201d Washington Post, April 18, 1999<\/p>\n 4. \u201cSome surviving members of the Srebrenica delegation have stated that President Izetbegovic also told that he had learned that a NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina was possible, but could occur only if the Serbs were to break into Srebrenica, killing at least 5,000 of its people. President Izetbegovic has flatly denied making such a statement.\u201d The Fall of Srebrenica (A\/54\/549), Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53\/35, November 15, 1999, par. 115, (http:\/\/www.haverford.edu\/relg\/sells\/reports\/UNsrebrenicareport.htm<\/a>)<\/p>\n The UN report does not mention that there were nine others present at that meeting, and that one of them, Hakija Meholijic, former Srebrenica chief of police, has stated that eight of them (all those living) \u201ccan confirm\u201d the Clinton suggestion. (Dani, June 22, 1998: http:\/\/cdsp.neu.edu\/info\/students\/marko\/dani\/dani2.html)<\/p>\n 5. Politics of War Crimes, Bogdanich, chapter 2, \u201cPrelude to Capture,\u201d and Fenton, chapter 3, \u201cMilitary Context.\u201d See also Tim Ripley, Operation Deliberate Force (Center for Defence and Security Studies: 1999), p. 145.<\/p>\n 6. In his Balkan Odyssey, Lord David Owen stated that \u201cBy acquiescing in the Croatian government\u2019s seizure of Western Slavonia, the Contact Group had in effect given the green light to the Bosnian Serbs to attack Srebrenica and Zepa\u201d (pp. 199-200). Owen was mistaken; the Contact Group was serving one side only, and the media\u2019s failure to report on and criticize the approved aggression made it possible to present the takeover of Srebrenica as a unique and unprovoked evil.<\/p>\n 7. Veritas estimated that 1,205 civilians were killed in Operation Storm, including 358 women and 10 children. In the graves around Srebrenica through 1999, among the 1,895 bodies only one was identified as female. See \u201cCroatian Serb Exodus Commemorated,\u201d Agence France Press, Aug. 4, 2004; also, Veritas atwww.veritas.org.yu<\/a>.<\/p>\n 8. Ripley, Operation Deliberate Force, p. 192. See also footnotes 56 and 70.<\/p>\n 9. The co-belligerency role was described by Peter Brock in \u201cDateline Yugoslavia: The Partisan Press,\u201d Foreign Policy, Winter 1993-94. A forthcoming book by Brock, on Media Cleansing: UNcovering Yugoslavia\u2019s Civil Wars, shows this partisanship in greater and effective detail. In his autobiography, U. S. Secretary of State James Baker says that he instructed his press secretary, Margaret Tutweiler to help Bosnian Foreign Minister Haris Silajzdic utilize the Western media to further the Bosnian Muslim cause, noting that he \u201chad her talk to her contacts at the four television networks, the Washington Post and the New York Times.\u201d James A. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy (Putnam: 1995), pp. 643-4.<\/p>\n 10. As NATO PR spokesman Jamie Shea stated on May 16, 1999, when asked about NATO\u2019s vulnerability to Tribunal charges, he was not worried. The prosecutor, he said, will start her investigation \u201cbecause we will allow her to.\u201d Further, \u201cNATO countries are those that have provided the finance,\u201d and on the need to build a second chamber \u201cso that prosecutions can be speeded up…we and the Tribunal are all one on this, we want to see war criminals brought to justice.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.nato.int\/kosovo\/press\/p990516b.htm<\/a><\/p>\n See Michael Mandel, How America Gets Away With Murder (London: Pluto, 2004), chaps. 4-5; Edward Herman, \u201cThe Milosevic Trial, Part 1,\u201d Z Magazine, April 2002.<\/p>\n 11. See Politics of War Crimes, chap. 7, Bogdanich, \u201cUN Report on Srebrenica-A distorted Picture of Events.\u201d<\/p>\n 12. Raymond K. Kent, \u201cContextualizing Hate: The Hague Tribunal, the Clinton Administration and the Serbs<\/a>,\u201d Dialogue (Paris), v. 5, no. 20, December, 1996 (as posted to the Emperor\u2019s Clothes website, http:\/\/www.emperors-clothes.com\/misc\/kent.htm<\/a>)<\/p>\n 13. Carl Savitch, \u201cCelebici,\u201d http:\/\/www.serbianna.com\/columns\/savich\/047.shtml.<\/p>\n 14. It would be hard to surpass the savagery of the Bosnian Muslims at the Celebici camp, described in ibid. See also, Diana Johnstone, Fools\u2019 Crusade (Pluto: 2002), pp. 71-72.<\/p>\n 15. See the two works by Peter Brock, note 9 above; also Johnstone, Fools\u2019 Crusade, pp. 70-83.<\/p>\n 16. For details and citations see Brock\u2019s article and book (note 9 above).<\/p>\n 17. Bernard Kouchner, Les Guerriers de la Paix (Paris: Grasset, 2004), pp. 372-4.<\/p>\n 18. Johnstone, Fools\u2019 Crusade, pp, 72-73; Thomas Deichmann, \u201cMisinformation: TV Coverage of a Bosnian Camp,\u201d Covert Action Quarterly, Fall, 1998, pp. 52-55.<\/p>\n 19. In a private communication dated November 21, 2003.<\/p>\n 20. For a good summary of the case that these were \u201cSelf-Inflicted Atrocities,\u201d with further references, see the Senate Staff Report of January 16, 1997, on \u201cClinton Approved Iranian Arms Transfers Help Turn Bosnia Into Militant Islamic Base,\u201d http:\/\/www.senate.gov\/%7erpc\/releases\/1997\/iran.htm#top. See also Cees Wiebes, Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992 \u2013 1995, London: Lit Verlag, 2003, pp. 68-69:http:\/\/213.222.3.5\/srebrenica\/toc\/p6_c02_s004_b01.html<\/a> ).<\/p>\n 21. John E. Sray, \u201cSelling the Bosnian Myth to America: Buyer Beware,\u201d Foreign Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, October, 1995, <http:\/\/fmso.leavenworth.army.mil\/documents\/bosnia2.htm<\/a>>.<\/p>\n 22. For exceptions to this rule, Leonard Doyle, \u201cMuslims \u2018slaughter their own people.\u2019\u201d The Independent, Aug. 22, 1992; Hugh Manners, \u201cSerbs \u2018Not Guilty\u2019 of Massacre,\u201d The Sunday Times [London], Oct. 1, 1995. David Binder was unable to get his own paper, the New York Times, to publish analyses of possible Muslim involvement in Sarajevo massacres; he had to publish these elsewhere. See David Binder, \u201cThe Balkan Tragedy: Anatomy of a Massacre,\u201d Foreign Policy, No. 97, Winter, 1994-1995; David Binder, \u201cBosnia\u2019s Bombers,\u201d The Nation, October 2, 1995<\/p>\n 23. For a good summary, Srdja Trifkovic, \u201cUne spectaculaire revision de chiffres,\u201d Balkan Infos (B.I.), February 2005.<\/p>\n 24. George Kenney, \u201cThe Bosnian Calculation,\u201d New York Times Magazine, April 23, 1995.<\/p>\n 25. See Trifkovic, supra note 23; also, http:\/\/grayfalcon.blogspot.com\/2004\/12\/death-tolls-part-3.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n 26. See Edward Herman and David Peterson, \u201cThe NATO-Media Lie Machine: \u2018Genocide\u2019 in Kosovo,\u201d Z Magazine, May 2000:http:\/\/www.zmag.org\/ZMag\/articles\/hermanmay2000.htm<\/a><\/p>\n 27. Michael Ignatieff, \u201cCounting Bodies in Kosovo,\u201d New York Times, November 21, 1999.<\/p>\n 28. Politics of War Crimes, Bogdanovich, chap. 2, \u201cPrelude to Capture.\u201d<\/p>\n 29. Detailed evidence was presented to the UN on \u201cWar Crimes and Crimes of Genocide in Eastern Bosnia (Communes of Bratunac Skelani, and Srebrenica) Committed Against the Serbian Population from April 1982 to April 1993,\u201d by the Yugoslav Ambassador to the UN; see also Joan Phillips, \u201cVictims and Villains in Bosnia\u2019s War,\u201d Southern Slav Journal, Spring-Summer 1992.<\/p>\n 30. Bill Schiller, \u201cMuslims‘ hero vows he’ll fight to the last man,\u201d Toronto Star, January 31, 1994; John Pomfret, \u201cWeapons, Cash and Chaos Lend Clout to Srebrenica’s Tough Guy,\u201d Washington Post, February 16, 1994.<\/p>\n 31. Carl Savich, \u201cSrebrenica and Naser Oric: An Analysis of General Philippe Morillon\u2019s Testimony at the ICTY,\u201d http:\/www.serbianna.co.<\/p>\n 32. \u201cNo Evidence of Civilian Casualties in Operations By Bosnian Commander,\u201d BBC Monitoring International Reports, April 11, 2003; for a review of Oric\u2019s operations and a critical analysis of the ICTY decision, Carl Savitch, \u201cSrebrenica: The Untold Story,\u201d http:\/\/www.serbianna.com\/columns\/savich\/o51.html.<\/p>\n 33. Politics of War Crimes, chaps 2-3. The UN estimated that there had been 3-4,000 Bosnian Muslim soldiers in Srebrenica just before its fall.<\/p>\n 34. Ibid.<\/p>\n 35. Politics of War Crimes, chap. 2.<\/p>\n 36. \u201cConflict in the Balkans, 8000 Muslims Missing,\u201d AP, New York Times, Sept. 15, 1995.<\/p>\n 37. One Red Cross official told a German interviewer that the Muslims who reached safety \u201ccannot be removed from the list of missing\u2026.because we have not received their names,\u201d quoted in Pumphrey, \u201cSrebrenica: Three Years Later, And Still Searching.\u201d See also, \u201cFormer Yugoslavia: Srebrenica: help for families still awaiting news,\u201d International Committee of the Red Cross, September 13, 1995http:\/\/www.icrc.org\/Web\/Eng\/siteeng0.nsf\/iwpList74\/7609D560283849CFC1256B6600595006<\/a><\/p>\n 38. Ibid.<\/p>\n 39. Johnstone, Fools\u2019 Crusade, p. 76.<\/p>\n 40. This jump from a few bodies to 8,000 was recently illustrated in the treatment by Tim Judah and Daniel Sunter in the London Observer of the video of six killings of Bosnian Muslims, given heavy publicity in June 2005\u2014it is the \u201csmoking gun,\u2026the final, incontrovertible proof of Serbia\u2019s part in the Srebrenica massacres in which more than 7,500 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were murdered.\u201d („How the video that put Serbia in dock was brought to light<\/a>,\u201d June 5).<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n 41. ICTY, Amended Joinder Indictment, May 27, 2002, Par. 51: http:\/\/www.un.org\/icty\/indictment\/english\/nik-ai020527c.htm.; David Rohde, \u201cThe World Five Years Later: The Battle of Srebrenica Is Now Over The Truth,\u201d New York Times, July 9, 2000.<\/p>\n 42. Steven Lee Meyers, \u201cMaking Sure War Crimes Aren\u2019t Forgotten,\u201d New York Times, September 22, 1997. In fact, one U.S. official acknowledged in late July 1995 that \u201csatellites have produced nothing.\u201d Paul Quinn-Judge, \u201cReports of Atrocities Unconfirmed So Far: U.S. Aerial Surveillance Reveals Little,\u201d Boston Globe, July 27, 1995.<\/p>\n 43. The web site of the International Commission on Missing Persons in the Former Yugoslavia acknowledges that the bodies \u201chave been exhumed from various gravesites in northeast HiH,\u201d not just in the Srebrenica region; quoted in a 2003 Statement by ICMP Chief of Staff Concerning Persons Reported Missing from Srebrenica in July 1995, Gordon Bacon.<\/p>\n 44. Politics of War Crimes, Rooper, chap. 4, \u201cThe Numbers Game.\u201d<\/p>\n 45. Ibid.<\/p>\n 46. Ibid.; also, Politics of War Crimes, Szamuely, chap. 5, \u201cWitness Evidence.\u201d<\/p>\n 47. Szamuely, \u201cWitness Evidence.\u201d<\/p>\n 48. Tim Butcher, \u201cSerb Atrocities in Srebrenica are Unproven,\u201d The Daily Telegraph, July 24, 1995.<\/p>\n 49. Politics of War Crimes, Rooper, chap. 4, \u201cThe Numbers Game.\u201d<\/p>\n 50. This claim appears in the November 1995 indictments of Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic; it was recounted by the French policeman, Jean-Rene Ruez, and first surfaced at the ICTY in early July, 1996, during a seven-day publicity-stunt-type hearing into the charges against Karadzic and Mladic. As Associated Press reported Ruez\u2019s liver-eating testimony at the time (Jennifer Chao, July 3, 1996):<\/p>\n \u201cAmid the feverish mass murder was throat-gagging sadism. Ruez cited an incident where a soldier forced a man to cut open his grandson’s stomach and eat part of his liver. \u201cHe took the old man and put a knife in his hand … and cut open the stomach of the little boy and then with the tip of his knife took out an organ from the inside of the child’s stomach and he forced the man to eat that part,\u2019‘ Ruez told the court.\u201d<\/p>\n 51. Politics of War Crimes, Mandel, chap. 6, \u201cThe ICTY Calls It \u2018Genocide\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n 52. Ibid.<\/p>\n 53. Chris Hedges, \u201cBosnian Troops Cite Gassing At Zepa,\u201d New York Times, July 27, 1995.<\/p>\n 54. Jovic testified in the Milosevic trial on November 18, 2003\u2014www.slobodan-milosevic.org- November 18, 2003.<\/p>\n 55. Politics of War Crimes, Mandel, chap. 6; also, Michael Mandel, How America Gets Away With Murder (Pluto: 2004), pp. 157-8.<\/p>\n 56. Carlos Martins Branco, a former UN military observer in Bosnia, contended that it was in Krajina rather than Srebrenica that one can identify a pre-meditated genocidal process \u201cwhen the Croatian army implemented the mass murder of all Serbians found there. In this instance, the media maintained an absolute silence, despite the fact that this genocide occurred over a three month period. The objective of Srebrenica was ethnic cleansing and not genocide, unlike what happened in Krajina, in which, although there was not military action, the Croatian army decimated villages.\u201d \u201cWas Srebrenica A Hoax? Eye-Witness Account of a Former UN Military Observer in Bosnia,\u201d http:\/\/globalresearch.ca\/articles\/BRA403A.html<\/p>\n 57. Madeleine Albright, again before the Security Council (The Situation in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a> (S\/PV.3564<\/a>), UN Security Council, August 10, 1995, 5.30 p.m., pp. 6-7):<\/p>\n 58. Richard Holbrooke, on The MacNeil\/Lehrer NewsHour, Transcript #5300, August 24, 1995.<\/p>\n 59. \u201cU.N. Report: Bosnian Serbs Massacred Srebrenica Muslims,\u201d Washington Post, Aug. 12, 1995; John Pomfret, \u201cInvestigators Begin Exhuming Group of Mass Graves in Bosnia,\u201d Washington Post, July 8, 1996. Biggest \u201cupheaval\u201d is in \u201cSoftening Up The Enemy,\u201d Newsweek, Aug. 21, 1995.<\/p>\n 60. See the evidence drawn from the Norwegian study of Bosnia casualties in:http:\/\/grayfalcon.blogspot.com\/2004\/12\/death-tolls-part-3.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n 61. Slavisa Sabijic, \u201cThe Trade in Bodies in Bosnia-Herzegovina\u201d:http:\/\/www.serbianna.com\/press\/010.html<\/a>; Joan Phillips, \u201cVictims and Villains in Bosnia\u2019s War,\u201d Southern Slav Journal, Spring-Summer 1992.<\/p>\n 62. \u201cYugoslav Forensic Expert Says No Proof About Srebrenica Mass Grave,\u201d BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 15, 1996.<\/p>\n 63. Kosta Christitch, \u201cLes veritable raisons d\u2019une faillite,\u201d B.I., March 2005. As Diana Johnstone has said, \u201cby endorsing every accusation against Serbs, and ignoring crimes against Serbs, the United States and its NATO allies have given carte blanche to violence against them. Ethnic Albanian children are growing up in the belief that nobody really blames them for hunting down elderly \u2018Skrinje\u2019 (the ethnic slur for Serbs) and beating them to death.\u201d \u201cThe OSCE Report: Things Told and Things Seen,\u201d ZNet Commentary, Dec. 26, 1999.<\/p>\n 64. There have been a modest number of exceptions, mainly Muslim and Croat small fry, usually indicted at a time when the imbalance appeared exceptionally gross and some PR offset was needed. None of the leaders of Croatia or Bosnia were indicted, although it was alleged that indictments were near soon after Tudjman\u2019s and Izetbegovic\u2019s deaths, although the long delays were never explained. No leader or anybody else in NATO was ever indicted. For a good discussion of the deep bias, Mandel, How America Gets Away With Murder, Part II.<\/p>\n 65. In his 1970 Islamic Declaration, never repudiated by him, Izetbegovic said: \u201cThere is neither peace nor coexistence between the \u2018Islamic religion\u2019 and non-Islamic social and political institutions\u2026Having the right to govern its own world, Islam clearly excludes the right and possibility of putting a foreign ideology into practice on its territory.\u201d Quoted in Johnstone, Fools\u2019 Crusade, p. 58.<\/p>\n 66. The 9\/11 Commission Report, Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Official Government Edition, pp. 58, 146-147, 155, 238-239.<\/p>\n 67. Documentation Centre of Republic of Srpska, Report About Case Srebrenica (The First Part), (Banja Luka, Sept. 2002).<\/p>\n 68. Gregory Copley, \u201cUS Official Implicated With Bosnian High Representative Ashdown in Attempting to Force Fabricated Report on Srebrenica,\u201d Defense & Foreign Affairs Daily, September 8, 2003: http:\/\/www.slobodan-milosevic.org\/news\/ssi09082003.htm<\/a>; Nebojsa Malic, \u201cSrebrenica Revisited: Reports, Confessions and the Elusive Truth,\u201d Antiwar.com, June 24, 2004: http:\/\/antiwar.com\/malic\/?articleid=2865<\/a><\/p>\n 69. On the fallacies of the claims regarding Racak, Rambouillet and the Serb drive for a Greater Serbia as a reality and causal force, see Johnstone, Fools\u2019 Crusade, and Mandel, How America Gets Away with Murder.<\/p>\n 70. Only one body found around Srebrenica in the graves explored through 1999 was identified as female.<\/p>\n 71. See note 7 above. Tim Ripley says that \u201cThousands of people, those too old or infirm to flee,\u2026remained behind. UN patrols soon found hundreds had been murdered by Croat soldiers and civilians. Almost every home had been looted.\u201d (p. 192).<\/p>\n 72. Serb refugees in Srebrenica in 1997 are explained as \u201ccoming from neighborhoods elsewhere that Croat and Muslim armies emptied in retaliation for the Srebrenica atrocities and other such killings.\u201d Dana Priest, \u201cU.S. Troops Extend a Hand To Refugees Tainted by War,\u201d Washington Post, Feb. 18, 1997.<\/p>\n 73. Sray, \u201cSelling the Bosnian Myth.\u201d<\/p>\n 74. For an account and critique of these humanitarian interventionists, see Edward Herman and David Peterson, \u201cMorality\u2019s Avenging Angels: The New Humanitarian Crusaders,\u201d in David Chandler, ed., Rethinking Human Rights (Palgrave: 2002). For a more extensive dismantling of their arguments, see Johnstone\u2019s Fools\u2019 Crusade and Mandel\u2019s How America Gets Away With Murder.<\/p>\n 75. On the meaning and application of \u201ccruise missile left\u201d (my phrase), see my \u201cThe Cruise Missile Left: Aligning with Power<\/a>,\u201d Z Magazine, November, 2002; and \u201cThe Cruise Missile Left (part 5): Samantha Power And The Genocide Gambit<\/a>,\u201d ZNet Commentaries, May 17, 2004.<\/p>\n 76. Cedric Thornberry, \u201cSaving the War Crimes Tribunal; Bosnia Herzegovina,\u201d Foreign Policy, September 1996.<\/p>\n \u201eSrebrenica\u201c se stala symbolem zla, specificky srbsk\u00e9ho zla. Je oby\u010dejn\u011b popisov\u00e1na jako \u201enejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hr\u016fza od konce II.sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky\u201c ve kter\u00e9 bylo chladnokrevn\u011b popraveno \u201enejm\u00e9n\u011b 8.000 muslimsk\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f a chlapc\u016f\u201c (1). Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti se m\u011bly st\u00e1t…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/440"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=440"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/440\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/messin.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}P\u0159elo\u017eil pro v\u00e1s Messin, 14.7. 2006 <\/span><\/em>ZDROJ<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"